第一主题 英语语法体系全解（一）
第一章 动词时态（一）
在英语中，不一起间发生的动作或存在的状况，要用不一样的动词方法来标明，这就叫做动词的时态。

一、一般时
一般时包括一般如今时、一般曩昔时、一般将来时和一般曩昔将来时。
A.一般如今时
1． 一般如今时的构成
一般如今时首要用动词原形来标明。主语是第三人称奇数时，动词后边要加-s或-es。
They want good jobs.
他们想要好的作业。
The coat matches the dress.
外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.
这项作业我不满足。
Do you understand?
你懂了吗?
2．一般如今时的用法
①一般如今时的根柢用法
a. 标明如今习气性的动作或存在状况
He always takes a walk after supper.
晚饭后他老是散漫步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.
如今我们都心境高涨。
b. 标明客观实际或广泛真理
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东方升起在西方落下。
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.
声响在水中的传达速度要比在空气中快。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时刻不等人。
c. 标明主语的特征、才能和状况
This cloth feels soft.
这布摸上去很软。
I love classical music.
我喜爱古典音乐。
The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.
看来总统仍能有时刻去垂钓。
d. 标明按方案或组织即将发生的动作
The meeting begins at 7:00.
会议七点钟初步。
We leave here at 8:00 sharp.
咱们8点整脱离这儿。
e. 在时刻、条件、让步状语从句中标明将来动作
When you come next time, bring me some magazines.
你下次来时，给我带几本杂志。
If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.
假守时刻答应的话，咱们明日去那里。
Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.
不管他附和与否，我都会待在家里。
②一般如今时的特别用法
a. 用于新闻标题或图像阐明中
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
我国宣告载人航天飞翔满足成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科
b. 用于体育运动、扮演等实况报导中
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket. 弗朗西斯穿曩昔，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来，接住球投进篮里。
Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.
如今，看，我按下按扭，翻开了这台机器。
c. 标明劝诫或??br> You mind your own business. 你不要管闲事！
If he does that again, he goes to prison.
假定他再那样的话，他就会进监狱的。
d. 标明如今片刻间的动作
Here comes the bus.
轿车来了。
There goes the bell.
铃响了。

B．一般曩昔时
1． 一般曩昔时的构成
一般曩昔时是用动词的曩昔式来标明。
His words fetched a laugh from all present.
他的话使在场的人都笑了。
I did not sleep well last night.
我昨晚没睡好。
Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?
你告诉这位游客去旅馆的路了吗？
2．一般曩昔时的用法
①一般曩昔时的根柢用法
a. 标明曩昔某个特守时刻发生的动作或存在的状况
He suddenly fell ill yesterday.
昨日他俄然患病了。
The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.
建议机因燃料用光而停机了。
留心：
在一般曩昔时的语句中，一般都要有标明曩昔的时刻状语。
【误】I visited the Palace Museum.（在没有上下文的情况下，应避免这样说）
【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.
上一年我赏识过故宫博物院。
【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.
我赏识过故宫博物院。
b. 标明曩昔常常发生的动作或存在的状况
I wrote home once a week at college.
我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.
他年少时就养成了广泛阅览的习气。
提示：
标明曩昔的习气性动作，除了用曩昔式外，还可以用used to或would来标明。
She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.
她上高三时常常学习到深夜。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
曩昔他常常一坐几个钟头啥事也不做。
c. 标明曩昔接连发生的一系列动作
She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.
她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，细心地翻阅了起来。
The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.
学生们很早上床，做早操，然后在室外朗读英语。
d. 在时刻、条件状语从句中标明曩昔即将发生的动作
We would not leave until

the teacher came back.
教师回来咱们才会脱离。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.
她告诉我假定第二全国雨的话，她就不去了。

②一般曩昔时的特别用法
a. 在虚拟口气中标明如今或将来时刻的动作或状况
It's time we went.
是咱们该走的时分了。
I wish I were twenty years younger.
期望我年青20岁。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.
我甘愿你暂时先不要采纳啥办法。
b. 在口语中，一般曩昔时一般闪现宛转谦让。
I wondered if you could give me a hand.
我想请你帮个忙。
Might I come and see you tonight?
我想今晚来看你，好吗？

3．一般如今时和一般曩昔时的比照
一般如今时要和如今时刻相联络，而一般曩昔时和说话的“如今”不相联络。
His father is a film director.
他父亲是影片导演。（他如今仍是）
His father was a film director.
他父亲曾是影片导演。（他如今不是）
How do you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样？（还在看小说）
How did you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样？（已看完小说）

C．一般将来时
1． 一般将来时的构成
一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称，首要见于英国英语，如今的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数方法均用will标明。在口语中，shall和will常缩写成“'ll”，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。
I'll go and shut the door.
我去关门。
When

will you know your exam results?
你啥时分能晓得考试成果？
I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.
我看得出你很忙，所以我不会呆太久的。
提示：在you and I或both of us等短语后，只用will，不必shall。
You and I will arrive there next Monday.
我和你下周一都要抵达那里。
Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.
咱们俩下一年大学结业。

2．一般将来时的用法
①标明即将发生的动作或存在的状况
I shall be free this afternoon.
我今日下午有空。
There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.
明日没有化学课。
They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.
他们可以去上海休假。
留心：
在口语中，常用will / shall + be doing规划来替代will / shall + 动词原形，以标明生动。
I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.
我要去机场给一个兄弟送别。
He'll be going with us tomorrow.
他明日和咱们一同去。
②标明即将重复发生的动作
My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.
我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。
The students will have five English classes per week this term.
本学期学生们每周要上五节英语课。
③标明附和或容许做某事
That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.
这个包看起来很重，我来帮你提。
I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.
我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。
④标明一种倾向或估测
Flowers will die without water.
没有水花会枯死的。
Water will change into ice at 0℃.
水在零摄氏度就会结冰。
This will be your sister, I guess.
我猜测这是你姐姐。

3．一般将来时的常用规划
①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句”中
Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
不要忧虑这次考试，我深信你会经过的。
I wonder what will happen.
我不晓得将会发生啥事。
I don't think the test will be very difficult.
我想这次查验不会太难。
②用于“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”中
Work hard and you will succeed.
假定你尽力，就会成功的。
Go at once and you will see her.
马上去，你就接见会面到她了。
③与标明时刻或条件的状语从句连用
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.
他一到我就告诉你。
If you ask him, he will help you.
假定你请他，他会协助你的。
We shall go unless it rains.
除非下雨，否则咱们是要去的。
4．将来时刻的其他表达法
①be going to + 动词原形
“be going to+ 动词原形”这一规划常用于口语中。
a. 标明抉择或方案要做某事
I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.
本年冬天我方案买一件新大衣。
Are you going to play basketball after class?
下课后你去打篮球吗？
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.
他长大后要当医生。
What are you going to do today?
今日你方案做啥？
b. 标明有痕迹即即将发生啥事
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
The car is going to turn over.
轿车要翻了！
There is going to be a snowstorm.
将有一场暴风雪。
比照：
“be going to + 动词原形”与“will / shall + 动词原形”的差异
1．be going to一般标明很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可标明不久的将来，也可标明长远的将来或不断定的将来。
She is going to get better.
她的病要好了。（有恢复安康的痕迹）
She will get better.
她的病会好的。（认为究竟会恢复安康的）
2．will标明将来，一般是指事前无方案的意图，是暂时抉择的； be going to则标明事前有方案的意图，是经过思考的。
— George phoned while you were out.
你外出的时分乔治打电话来的。
— Ok. I'll phone him back.
好的，我给他回电话。（暂时抉择）
— Matthew phoned while you were out.
你外出的时分马修打电话来了。
— Yes, I know. I'm going to phone him back.
是的，我晓得了。我预备给他回电话。（早有组织）
但在正式文体中，要用will来标明事前组织的动作。
The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m..
会议将在10点初步。
Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards.
从今日起9:30初步供给咖啡。

3．标明有痕迹闪现即将发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不必will或shall。
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.
我觉得不舒畅，我想我要患病了。
4．be going to 可用于条件句，标明将来时刻，will则不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.
假定你要到会会议，你最佳如今就启航。
②be + 动词的-ing方法
“be + 动词的-ing方法”标明根据如今的方案或组织，预期将会发生某事，这种组织不容随意改动。在这一规划中，动词-ing方法一般是标明方位转移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off, die等，并与标明将来的时刻状语连用。假定没有时刻状语，则所标明的动作有即将发生之意。
He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.
他几天后要启航去新疆。
I am dining out tonight.
今晚我将出去吃饭。
The plane is taking off soon.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
The old man is dying.
那位老人快要死了。
比照：
“be + 动词的-ing方法”和“be going to + 动词原形”的异同
1．标明按方案发生的动作时，两者可交换。
We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.
咱们明日就要搬到新房子里去了。
We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.
咱们明日就要搬到新房子里去了。
2．标明因为客观要素而发生的将来动作或状况时，用be going to规划，不必be + 动词的-ing方法。
You are going to fall if you climb that tree.
假定你爬树的话，你会摔下来的。（不凶咴说 You are falling if ...）
Be careful. You are going to break that chair.
留心！你会把那张椅子弄坏的。（不凶咴说 You are breaking that chair）
③ be + 动词不定式
这一规划中的be，只需如今式 (am, is, are) 和曩昔式 (was, were) 两种方法。
a. 标明按方案或组织即将发生的动作
The highway is to be open to traffic in May.
这条公路将在五月份通车。
Am I to take over his work?
我是不是要接收他的作业？
b. 用于条件句中偏重按方案或组织即将发生的动作
If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.
假定咱们乘坐5点的火车的话，那咱们如今就得启航。
c. 标明指令或叮咛等。否定方法常标明“阻止”或“不许”。
You are to be back before 10 p.m..
你有必要在10点前回来。
You are not to go out alone at night.
晚上你不能单独出去。
比照：
“be + 动词不定式”与“be going to+ 动词原形”的差异
1．“be going to+ 动词原形”偏重说话人自个的意图和方案，“be + 动词不定式”偏重受别人的指示或组织要做的事。
I'm going to try my best to write this article well.
我将极利巴这篇文章写好。
Am I to wait here till their arrival?
我要在这儿一向等到他们抵达吗？
2．标明因为客观要素或不受人控制的即将发生的动作时，只用“be going to+ 动词原形”，不必“be + 动词不定式”。
It's going to rain.
天要下雨了。（不说It's to rain.）
Rachel is going to faint.
雷切尔要晕倒了。
④　一般如今时
一般如今时可以用来标明将来时刻，首要用法有：
a. 标明因为日历或时刻表的规则而固定不变的或比照不易改动的将来时刻发生的动作。
Tomorrow is Friday.
明日是星期五。
What time does the next train leave for Paris?
下一班开往巴黎的火车几点启航？
b. 在时刻状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般如今时标明将来时刻的动作或状况。
I'll give the book to you after I finish it.
我看完这本书就给你。
If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.
假定他到了，咱们就得到火车站去接他。
c. 在hope, suppose等后边的宾语从句中常用一般如今时标明将来动作或状况。
I hope all is well with him.
我期望他悉数都好。
Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.
咱们明日仍是去远足吧。

D．一般曩昔将来时
1．一般曩昔将来时的构成
一般曩昔将来时是由“should/would + 动词原形”构成的。
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.
昨日他问我啥时分启航去巴黎。
They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.
他们想晓得怎样才干早一点儿结束家庭作业。
2．一般曩昔将来时的用法
一般曩昔将来时刻的启航点是曩昔，即从曩昔某一时刻看今后要发生的动作和状况。
a. 一般曩昔将来常常用于直接引语中
He said they would arrange a party.
他说他们将组织一个晚会。
I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.
我问他是不是来帮我修电视机。
b. 一般曩昔将来时可用来标明非真实的动作或状况
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.
假定我有机缘出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.
今晚他能和我一同去看影片就好了。

3．曩昔将来时刻其他表达法
a. was/were going to +动词原形
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
他说他退休后要住在村庄。
They thought it was going to rain.
他们认为天要下雨了。
b. was/were +动词的-ing方法
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.
没人晓得客我们是不是要来。
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.
我被奉告火车几分钟后就要开了。
c. was/were +动词不定式
She said she was to clean the classroom after school.
她说她放学后要打扫教室。
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.
据报导长江上即将再建一座大桥。
提示：
“was/were going to +动词原形”或“was/were + 动词不定式结束式”可标明未能完成的曩昔将来时刻的动作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天咱们本想去旅行长城的，但却下雨了。（没有去成）
I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.
我是方案协助表演的，但前天我伤风了。（没有帮上忙）
d. was/were about to do
“was/were about to do”标明说话的片刻间就会发生的动作。
I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。
e. was/were on the point of doing
I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now. 很高兴你来了。我正预备给你打电话，如今你省去我这个费事了。
提示：
“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”规划一般不与标明将来的时刻状语连用，但后边可以接when引导的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要启航天俄然下雨了。

进行时

二、进行时
进行时标明动作正在进行，这个动作是暂时的，也是未结束的。进行时包括如今进行时、曩昔进行时和将来进行时。
A．如今进行时
1．如今进行时的构成
如今进行时是由“am, is, are +如今分词”构成的。
I'm reading the evening newspaper.
我正在看晚报。
Now it isn't snowing outside.
如今外面不鄙人雪。
Are they playing soccer in the playground?
他们正在操场上踢足球吗？

2．如今进行时的用法
①如今进行时的根柢用法
a.标明说话的此时正在进行的动作
一般由标明“此时”的时刻状语（now, at this moment），或经过Look/Listen!这两个提示语来标明此时此时动作正在进行。
She is making a fire now.
她正在生火。
Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.
听！玛丽正在教室里唱英文歌。
b.标明如今时刻段中正在进行的动作
They are planting trees on the hill these days.
这几天他们正在山上种树。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不在这儿作业，我只是在新秘书来之前帮协助算了。
c.标明按方案或组织即将发生的动作
能这样用的动词并不多，一般是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay等标明方位转移的动词。这种用法比照生动，给人以一种等待感。
Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.
几天后简和贝蒂将出去休假。
Where are you staying in Guangzhou?
你到广州后预备住在哪里？
②如今进行时的特别用法
a.标明一种重复的动作，带有“厌烦”、“欣赏”等豪情颜色
如今进行时一般与constantly, always, forever等状语连用，给如今的动作披上一层豪情颜色。
She's constantly complaining.
她不断地诉苦。
My brother is always leaving things about.
我弟弟老是乱丢东西。
He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.
他老是想着为学生多做些作业。
b.标明某一具体动作或心思状况的打开进程
The house is falling down.
房子正在倒下。
The weather is changing for the better.
气候逐渐转好了。
留心：
有时标明一个动作刚刚初步。
I'm forgetting my English.
我的英语初步忘了。
Food is costing more.
食物贵了起来。
c.偏重动作的重复
The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.
这个夏日火车几乎每天晚点。
Someone is knocking at the door.
有人不断地在敲门。
The boy is jumping with joy.
那男孩高兴地跳个不断。
d.标明两个动作是同一动作
He who helps others is helping himself.
帮人就是帮自个。
If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.
假定你坚持做这件事，你就是在干傻事。
e.be动词的进行时态
be动词一般不必于进行时态。但有时可用“am, is, are + being +描述词”规划标明暂时或成心如此。
The boy is being naughty.这孩子有点儿顽皮。
I don't think you are being fair.
我认为你不公正。
He is being modest.
他如今很谦善。
比照：
You are not polite.
你不讲礼貌。（一贯如此）
You are not being polite.
你可有点儿不礼貌了。（暂时的表象）

3．不必进行时态的动词
①标明状况的动词
这类动词有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。
This backpack belongs to me.
这背包是我的。
He seems rather angry with you.
看起来他很生你的气。
②标明晓得、崇奉、了解、估测、置疑、期望等意义的动词
这类动词有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt等。
I don't think he will come tomorrow.
我想他明日不会来。
I still remember the days when we studied together.
我还记住咱们一同学习的那些日子。
提示：
有时这些动词的进行时态可标明心思状况的缓慢打开进程。
She's understanding you better now.
她越来越晓得你了。
③标明需求、愿望等意义的动词
这类动词有want, wish, need, desire等。
Your clothes need washing.
你的衣裳需要洗了。
How I wish I were a bird！
我多期望我是一只鸟啊！
④标明持续或持续意义的动词
这类动词有continue, keep, last, go on等。
She still continues in poor health.
她仍然身体很差。
Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.
他每天做竣作业后，都会持续看会儿书。
⑤标明感触的动词
这类动词有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。
The apples taste good.
这些苹果尝起来不错。
This flower smells nice.
这花闻上去很香。
Your suggestion sounds reasonable.
你的主张听上去有道理。
留心：
假定这些动词标明一种有知道的行为，则可用进行时态。
She is tasting the apple.
她正在尝苹果。
The dog is smelling the footprints.
狗正在嗅脚印。
The bell is sounding for dinner.
晚饭铃响了。
4．如今进行时和一般如今时的比照
①暂时性动作和常常性动作
The computer is working perfectly.
核算机作业得极好。（暂时）
The computer works perfectly.
核算机作业极好。（一向如此）
②持续性动作和时刻短性动作
The bus is stopping.
车停了下来。（逐渐地）
The bus stops.车停了。（灵敏）
③暂时性动作和耐久性动作
She is living in the country.
她如今住在村庄。（暂时）
She lives in the country.
她住在村庄。（耐久）
④有豪情颜色和没有豪情颜色
He is doing well at school.
他在学校体现极好。（赞扬）
He does well at school.
他在学校体现极好。（一般实际）

B.曩昔进行时
1.曩昔进行时的构成
曩昔进行时是由“was / were +如今分词”构成的。
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.
昨日的这个时分我正在做作业。
Were you expecting him yesterday?
你昨日一向在等他吗？
They were not talking when I came in.
我进来的时分他们没在说话。

2.曩昔进行时的用法
①曩昔进行时的根柢用法
a.标明在曩昔某一时刻正在发生的动作或该动作与曩昔的另一动作一起发生
I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.
昨日晚上7点我正在吃晚饭。
She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.
她弹钢琴时我在看报。
提示：
当语句意思很理解时，咱们也可以把两个动词都换成一般曩昔时。
We listened closely while the teacher read the text.
教师读课文时，咱们都细心地听着。
b.标明曩昔一段时刻内正在进行的动作
We were talking about you the whole morning.
咱们整个上午都在说你。
He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.
昨日下午从3点到5点他一向在看电视。
c.标明按方案、组织曩昔即将发生的事
He told me that he was going soon.
他告诉我他很快就要走了。
She said she was leaving for New York the next month.
她说她下个月启航去纽约。
②曩昔进行时的特别用法
a.标明故事发生的布景
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支医疗小组往前哨行进时天正下着雪。
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.
汤姆乘没人留心时溜进了房间。
b.标明一个新的动作刚刚初步
曩昔进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头变换。
Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.
5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。
The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.
这婴儿在大声啼哭，俄然，哭声中止了。
c.用来陈述缘由或用作托言
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨日去看病了。她患了很严峻的心脏病。
I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.
我作业没做完是因为我昨日一向帮母亲在家干活。
d.与always, constantly等词连用，标明豪情颜色
The girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改动主见。
In the past he was constantly asking me for money.
曩昔他老是向我要钱。
3．曩昔进行时与一般曩昔时的差异
①一般曩昔时一般标明某一动作现已结束，而曩昔进行时却标明动作在持续或未结束。
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚给兄弟写了封信。（信写完了）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚一向在给兄弟写信。（信不必定写完）
②一般曩昔时标明只做一次动作，而曩昔进行时却标明动作重复地进行。
She waved to me.
她朝我挥了挥手。
She was waving to me.
她不断地朝我挥手。
The boy jumped up and down.
这男孩跳了一下。
The boy was jumping up and down.
这男孩不断地跳着。
C.将来进行时
1．将来进行时的构成
将来进行时是由“shall/will + be +如今分词”构成的。
Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.
8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，咱们那时正在上课。
Will you be using your bicycle this evening?
今晚你用自行车吗？
She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.
明日8点她不在开会。
2．将来进行时的用法
①将来进行时的根柢用法
a.标明在将来某一时刻正在进行的动作
I'll be taking my holiday soon.
我不久就去休假了。
They will be meeting us at the station.
他们会在车站接咱们的。
b.在口语中替代will/shall do
I hope you will be coming on time.
我期望你准时来。
I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.
我明日将见到史密斯先生。
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.
部长迁就世界事务宣告讲演。
②将来进行时的特别用法
a.标明缘由、成果或猜测
Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.
请你明日下午来吧。我明日上午有个会。（表缘由）
Stop the child or he will be falling over.
捉住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。（表成果）
You will be making a mistake.
你会犯错的。（表估测）
b.用在问句中，标明宛转礼貌
Will you be reading anything else?
你还要亮点儿啥吗？
When shall we be meeting again?
咱们啥时分再会面？
c.标明稍后一点儿的组织
The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.
这星期咱们学第三单元，下周咱们将学第四单元。
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.
我的使命在7月结束，之后我会回上海。

结束时

三、结束时
结束时是用来标明动作的结束与未结束的情况。结束时包括如今结束时、曩昔结束时和将来结束时。

A．如今结束时
1．如今结束时的构成
如今结束时的构成方法是“have / has +曩昔分词”。如今结束常常被称为“与如今有联络的曩昔”，因而它不能与清楚的曩昔时刻状语连用。
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗户打破了。
I haven't seen much of her lately.
我迩来不常见到她。
How long have they been married?
他们成婚多长时刻了？

2．如今结束时的用法
①标明成果的如今结束时
如今结束时着眼于曩昔的动刁难如今发生的成果或影响。这是如今结束时的“已结束”用法，标明动作或进程发生在说话之前就已结束，并与如今有联络。这种联络实践上就是“曩昔的动作”对如今的影响或发生的成果。
I have bought a pen.
我买了一支笔。（成果：I have a pen now.）
The temperature has increased by 10℃.
温度上升了10摄氏度。（成果：It is quite hot now.）
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
空气污染现已夺去了许多人的生命。（成果：Air pollution is very serious now.）
留心：
如今结束时的上下文所指的时态有必要照顾。
【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought标明你如今现已有笔了，这和后边的have lost有敌对）
【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.
我（曩昔）买了一支笔，但我现已把它丢了。
【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost偏重你如今现已没有笔了，与后边have found的意思有冲突）
【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.
我丢了一支笔，但如今现已找到了。
②标明阅历的如今结束时
偏重曩昔某一时刻到说话时这段时刻中的阅历。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
你去过长城吗？
I have visited Beijing at least ten times.
北京我至少造访过十次了。
She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.
她从未到海边度过假。
③标明连续的如今结束时
这是如今结束时的“未结束”用法，标明一个动作或状况从曩昔某时初步，持续到如今，可以要持续下去。
He's loved fishing for a long time.
他喜爱垂钓为时已久。（他如今仍喜爱垂钓）
I have lived here for more than thirty years.
我已在这儿住了三十多年了。（或许还会持续住下去）
留心：
如今结束时的“未结束”用法既可用于动态动词（首要是持续动词），也可用于状况动词，但它一般不适用于标明时刻短动作或方位转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词标明“未结束”，一般只限于否定规划。
I haven't seen a film for weeks.
我现已好几个星期没看影片了。
She hasn't written to me since September.
自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。

3．如今结束时的时刻状语
①与如今结束时“已结束”用法连用的时刻状语
如今结束时标明的动作或状况发生在如今时刻早年的某个未清楚指出的曩昔时刻内，和它连用的时刻状语要与如今时刻有关，不能是清楚地标明曩昔的时刻状语。
a.不断定的曩昔时刻状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我早年看过这部影片。
Have you been there lately?
迩来你去过那里吗?
b.频度时刻状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等
We have never heard of that.
咱们从未传闻过这事。
He has sometimes played tennis.
他有时打网球。
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本钟很少出过失。
c.包括如今时刻在内的时刻状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我如今刚写完信。
You have just missed the bus.
你刚好错失公共轿车。
Has he done much work today?
他今日做了许多作业吗？
比照：already和yet用法上的差异
already常用于必定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊奇的心境。
She has already gone.
她早就走了。
Have you eaten your dinner already?
你现已吃过饭了?
He has not come yet.
他还没有来。
②与如今结束时“未结束”用法连用的时刻状语
与“已结束”用法相同，标明具体的曩昔的时刻状语不能与“未结束”用法连用。与其连用的一般是指一段时刻的状语以具体标明某一动作或状况持续了多久。
a. since +具体时刻，标明动作或状况从何时初步
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那今后他养成了另一个坏习气。
He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他结业后就没回过家。
b. for +一段时刻，标明动作或状况持续了多久
We have worked here for ages.
咱们在这儿作业好久了。
There has been no rain here for nearly two months.
这儿现已近两个月没有下雨了。
c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment
到当前中止
I have not seen him so far.
到当前中止我没见过他。
Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到当前中止悉数正常。
d. in/during the past/last five years
在刚刚曩昔的5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
曩昔的几个星期里他没在学校。
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在曩昔的几年中他们现已和洽几家跨国公司做成了生意。
e. all the while, all day一向，一整天
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。

4．如今结束时和一般曩昔时的差异
①两者都可标明曩昔发生过的动作，但前者标明的是曩昔的动刁难如今的影响，然后者则只是标明曩昔有这一动作的实际。
He locked the door.
他锁过门。（但如今门是开是锁不理解。）
He has locked the door.
他把门锁上了。（如今门是锁着的。）
Who turned on the light?
谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管如今灯是开是关。）
Who has turned on the light?
谁把灯翻开了？（着眼开灯的成果，即如今灯还亮着。）
②两者都可标明曩昔初步并连续了一段时刻的动作，如今结束时标明该动作仍在持续，而一般曩昔时则阐明该动作现已中止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。（如今仍住那儿）
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。（如今不住那儿了）

B．曩昔结束时
曩昔结束时的动作须在曩昔某一时刻之前发生，即发生在“曩昔的曩昔”。

1．曩昔结束时的构成
曩昔结束时是由“had+曩昔分词”构成的。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就知道到我犯了一个严峻的差错。
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.
飞机上坐在我周围的人很严峻，他早年从没乘过飞机。
Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的时分他现已回家了吗？

2．曩昔结束时的用法
①“已结束”用法
标明某一动作或状况在曩昔某一时刻之前或曩昔某一动作之前现已结束。句中常用by引导的时刻状语或以before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般曩昔时的时刻状语从句。
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨日早上5点钟时，咱们现已做完了那件作业。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.
教师从单位回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。
They came earlier than we had expected.
他们到得比咱们意料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
旱了好几个月之后，昨日下雨了。
留心：
在包括before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后次序现已非常清楚，可以用一般曩昔时替代曩昔结束时。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我抵达车站之前，列车现已开了。
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思抵达英格兰之后，尽力前进他的英语水平。
②“未结束”用法
标明一个动作或状况在曩昔某一时刻之前就已初步，一向持续到这一曩昔时刻，还可以再持续下去。
Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那时悉数都很顺畅。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在成婚前就知道很长时刻了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她说自从她到这儿后已获得了很大的前进。
③“愿望性”用法
曩昔结束时有时标明一种未完成的期望或主意，首要用在if引导的和曩昔实际相反的条件句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.
要是她尽力的话，她就会成功了。（实际上她没尽力，也没成功。）
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.
我要是和你一同去音乐会就好了。
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.
那两个陌生人攀谈起来就像是多年的老兄弟。
④标明“刚刚……就……”
曩昔结束常常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等规划中，标明“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚初步讲演，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
提示：
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的曩昔结束时可以用来标明一个正本方案做而未做的事。
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我正本方案来的，但有事发生了。
I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我本方案去看你的，但没能去成。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.
他们原想协助的，但没能及时赶到这儿。

3．曩昔结束时与一般曩昔时的比照
一般曩昔时标明曩昔时刻的动作或状况。曩昔结束时标明的动作或状况发生在一般曩昔时标明的动作或状况之前，因而它标明的是“比曩昔更曩昔”。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已偿还了我借的书。
He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.
他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟车才来。
C．将来结束时
1．将来结束时的构成
将来结束时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +曩昔分词”构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘掉这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他如今是一个有身份的人了，他可以不会记住老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下个月你知道凯文该有10年了吧？

2.将来结束时的用法
①标明在将来某一时刻之前已结束的动作，并一般对将来某一时刻发生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，咱们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子完全打扫一遍。
Will you soon have finished laying the table?
你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？
留心：
在时刻状语从句中，不必将来结束时，要用如今结束时来替代。
When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.
等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的一切的事了。
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
请待车停稳了再下车。
②标明估测
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你现已传闻过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我信赖他必定得到了这个信息。