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??gerry简介
六年【?欧美客户】贴身服务经验
六年【?纳斯达克上市】英语学校【16家分校】区域高级教师
四年北京【?6家公立小学】英语授
课项目讲师
三年【?赴美】de、ots、sks研学领队
持有学科英语教师资格证
【英语先生gerryliu】公众号创始人
《扇贝听力》最高难度精听通关者
曾任《?芈月传》某演员高阶英语指导老师
知名学校、比赛中明星学员/小代言人的英语指导老师
知名学校宣传片英文稿总撰稿人
定语和状语是英语句子的双翼，能让你的句子起飞！
定语是修饰名词和部分代词的成分。
定语修饰不了的，状语全能修饰。
由于状语能修饰：
动词
形容词
副词
介词
连词
整句
……
而状语自身又包含多种形式，所以探讨起来比定语要复杂许多。
从语义角度看
状语主要表达
方式
方法
原因
结果
条件
目的
时间
地点
伴随状态
……
状语从句之对比状语从句
我在讲解“定语”时曾说过，所有英语句子成分都可看成“从句或从句的压缩”。当我们不把从句看作“艰难晦涩”的东西，而逆向思维、反向观察，把单词和词组视作“从句的压缩”时，我们可以更好地从宏观角度把握和征服句子结构。
当然，动词部分是个特例，没有“动词从句”，但三大类助动词和两大类主动词所构建出来的时态、情态、语态、语气，其复杂程度比各类从句有过之而无不及。
需要特别指出的是：不仅单词可以引导从句（如that, when等），词组（=短语）也可以引导从句，如：
i don’t know?which book?he will buy. 词组引导的宾语从句
every time?i spoke, i was criticized. 词组引导的状语从句
在探讨状语从句时，你会找到更多“词组”形式引导的从句！
以我对中高考、pet等考试写作评分标准的粗浅理解，状语从句的使用对“提分”有着至关重要的作用，其重要性甚至大过定语从句、主语从句和宾语从句！！
对比状语从句
主要由while和whereas引导；
while在这类从句中表“对比”，可翻译成“然鹅”或“尽管…但是…”，而非“在…期间”之意。
human 
lives are so cheap,?while bread is so dear. 人真不值钱，可是面包却如此之贵。
he walked?while he might ride. 他明明可以骑乘，却步行。
he sold it for ten dollars?when / while / whereas?everyone else sold it for?twelve.
some?die of hunger,?while?others?die of eating too much. 一些人饿死，而另一些则撑死。如果文雅一点，就是朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。请留意some……others这对不定代词的搭配用法，它们分别在主、从句中作主语，我在“主语”部分讲过。
some study the?secret of longevity,?whereas?others study the method of killing. 一些人研究长寿秘诀，而另一些则研究杀人方法。
while?tom’s very good at science, his brother is absolutely hopeless. tom在科学学习中很强大，可他的兄弟是个废柴。
marianne was tempted to turn the large rooms into traditional french-style salons,?while?howard was in favour of a typically english look.
while?the numbers of such developments are relatively small, the potential market is large.
pensions are linked to inflation,?whereas?they should be linked to the cost of living.
some of the studies show positive results,?whereas?others do not.
they want a house,?whereas?we would rather live in a flat.
she has authentic charm?whereas?most people simply have nice manners.?她有非凡魅力，而多数人不过是举止优雅罢了。
whereas?10 years ago i would have worried myself to death about it, now i accept it is part of the game.
whereas?west germans drink wine, their eastern cousins prefer schnapps.?西德人喝葡萄酒，而他们东德的兄弟姐妹则喜欢喝杜松子酒。
whereas?the population of working age increased by 1 million between 1981 and 1986, today it is barely growing. 1981年到1986年间适龄工作人口增长了100万，而现如今该人口数却几乎没有增长。
今日海外新闻
object from outside our solar system ‘hit earth five years ago’, scientists believe
a visitor?to our solar system（介词短语作后置定语修饰visitor）?became the subject of headlines around the world last year?after the cigar-shaped rock now named `oumuamua flew past our sun（时间状语从句，其中now named oumuamua是过去分词作后置定语，修饰rock）.
but（再说一次，个别英语老师提出的and与but不能置于独立句子之首，是错误的）?itmight not have been the first interstellar visitor（动词的魅力之一在于助动词可以大连用，此处动词结构为：情态助动词might+基本助动词have+系表结构。系动词置于have后边，自然变成过去分词）?to our planet, a new study has suggested.
a new?paper（此处指论文，paper作纸张时为不可数，判断一个词的性质和意义要从上下文和语言结构两方面下手。不要忽视一词多义，雅思托福考察“熟词僻义”，分分钟教我们做人）?from harvard astronomers?suggests（此为多义词，有建议、推荐、暗示、表明之意，此处显然作“表明”讲）?that another meteor?that hit earth’s atmosphere above papua new guinea?may also have come?from outside oursolar system（宾语从句里包含了另一个that引导的定语从句。may have come是另一组复杂而漂亮的动词结构：情态助动词may+基本助动词have+主动词come的过去分词形式）.
researchers found the meteor?（流星，托福和专八词汇，加后缀可变成meteorology气象学）?–?which burnt up in 2014（非限制性定语从句，理论上应该用逗号与前边的主句隔开，但新闻中也经常采用破折号处理）?–?by looking for（介词短语作方式状语，前几期我们谈论了方式状语从句，不要以为仅有从句可作方式状语，思路要清晰）?objects?that were ‘too fast’ to be orbiting the sun（定语从句，内部包含了too…to do…的固定搭配结构，更出彩的是用to be orbiting构建了带有进行态的不定式，表“太快而当时不能环绕太阳运动”）.
the papua new guinea object travelled towards earth at around 37 miles per second, a speed so high?it?suggests it originated outside our solar system（此文节选自英文网站，但我觉得标红的it是作者手抖打上去的）.
the researchers write?that the find ‘implies a possible origin from the deep interior of a planetary system?or?a star in the thick disk of the milky way galaxy.（宾语从句，从句里边的次级宾语为or连接的并列宾语）’
kat volk from the university of arizona,?who was not involved in the research（非限制性定语从句）?said, ‘i think?it is reasonable to conclude that this very high speed impactor came from the population of interstellar object（精彩的句子天天有，可惜伯乐不常在。it is…是think的宾语从句，这个从句内部是一个“主语后置”结构，to conclude that…为不定式作后置的（真正）主语，这个不定式内部又包含that引导的宾语从句。一共几重结构自己数吧，我在上期文章里已标注了一个四重结构的超大号复杂句）.
‘i expect interstellar objects to be common enough – both from theoretical considerations and from the implications of ‘oumuamua –?that?i think an interstellar origin is the simplest explanation for this?bolide（火流星）.’（我认为这个that从句是in that引导的原因状语从句的省略版本，当然同一语言现象会有不同维度的语法解析。）
我们再来看下国内要闻
大家知道，上海浦东一学生与同学发生矛盾后遭其母批评跳桥！
首先，愿逝者安息！其次，我们来看看心理学大师早年的说法，其中提到了一个少年，两人交谈后不久，人们在塞纳河中找到了少年的尸体……
人几乎没有什么办法能够分解代谢自己身上在子宫战争和童年期战争中积累起来的无声的仇恨（这里所谓的仇恨无道德意义）……于是，ta首先将这种仇恨转向自己，给自己造成无穷尽的痛苦……
there is hardly any way?to break down and metabolize the silent hatred（不定式作后置定语）?accumulated（双重定语嵌套，过去分词作hatred的定语）?in uterine wars and childhood wars. the so-called hatred here has no moral significance,... therefore, first of all, he turned this hatred to himself,causing（现在分词作结果状语）?endless pain to himself...
自杀，正在成为青少年死亡的主要原因。
suicide?is becoming the main cause（系表结构的现在进行时，我讲过系表结构和实义动词在语言变化上等价等值）?of death among adolescents.
一般来说，成年人通过投射来清算自己子宫-童年期的生活体验，这种方法比自杀更接近伊德的延伸动力……
generally speaking（独立分词）, adults use projection to clear their womb-childhood life experiences,?which is closer to ide’s extended motivation than suicide...（非限制性定语从句）????
