- A+
一般用that，that只起连接作用，没有实际意义，而且不能省略。被强调部分指人时，可以用who（作主语）/whom（作宾语）替代，其他情况下均用that。
强调句中的时态
强调句中的时态要依据原句的时态而定。当原句的时态为过去的某种时态时，强调句中用was，若是现在时态，强调句中则用is。
It is physics that I dislike most.
强调句中人称和数的应用
强调句中若被强调部分是句子的主语，that/who之后的谓语动词应在人称和数上与被强调的主语保持一致。
It is you who are in danger.
It is I who am looking forward to seeing you.
其他强调句
do/does/did+动词原形
该结构用来强调谓语，且只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句中。
He does work hard.
She did tell me about her story.
wh-ever疑问强调句型
疑问词后加上-ever可以对疑问句进行强调，意为“究竟”。-ever可以和疑问词构成一个单词，也可以写成两个单词，但why ever一般写成两个单词。
Wherever have you been so long?
Why ever did you do so?
What… is/was强调句型
What I should do next is (to) get in touch with the teacher.
强调句的几种复杂结构
被强调的部分是状语从句
It was when I was 7 years old that my talent for playing basketball became obvious.
It was because I was caught in the rain yesterday that I caught a cold.
被强调的部分含有定语从句
It was at a bank that lies on the main street that the woman was robbed of 1, 000 dollars.
not… until… 结构用于强调句
对not… until… 进行强调时，应把not与until一起放入被强调部分，即用It is/was not until… that… 句式。
It was not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks that I found we had a lot in common. 直到我们相处了几周后，我才发现我们有许多相似之处。
强调句的一般疑问句结构
Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分？
Is it your mother who works in the company?
Was it at the school gate that you met your teacher?
强调句的特殊疑问句结构
疑问词（被强调部分）+ is/was it that…?
Where was it that you picked up the wallet?
强调句的反意疑问句结构
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分，isn’t/wasn’t it?
It is Mike who has won the first prize, isn’t it?
It was yesterday that you went fishing, wasn’t it?
倒装句
英语句子的基本语序是：主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分，即主语在前，谓语在后。但有时句子的整个谓语或谓语的一部分被放在了主语前面，这就构成了倒装。倒装句分为：完全倒装句、部分倒装句。
完全倒装
把句子的整个谓语动词放在主语前面构成的倒装句。
There be句型
在There + be + 主语 + 地点/时间状语的句型中，因为主语是在be动词后面，所以这类句型是倒装句。
There are many people on the street.
表示地点/时间/方向等的介词短语位于句首
此类型句子用完全倒装。
From the valley came a frightening sound.
At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River lies Chongqing, one of China's four major municipalities.
表示方向/地点/位置移动/时间的副词位于句首
如in, out, down, off, away, there, here, then, now等位于句首，且主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。
Down come all of you.
There comes the bus.
There he comes. （there, here位于句首，若主语为人称代词，句子不倒装。）
作表语的形容词/分词短语/不定式 + 系动词 + 主语
此类型句子中，出于强调的目的，把表语提前，构成完全倒装。
The most widely distributed is the Hui People. 分布最广的是回族。
Lying on the floor is a dying dog.
Standing inside are lots of foreigners.
直接引语的全部或一部分位于句首
此类型句子中，引述动词和它的主语要完全倒装。
“May I come in?” asked the student?
“Get out!” shouted the old man.
部分倒装
把句子的部分谓语放在主语前面构成的倒装句。so + 助动词/情态动词/be动词 + 主语（表肯定）
nor/neither + 助动词/情态动词/be动词 + 主语（表否定）
表示同一种情况或动作同时适用于两者或者一者同时具备两种情况。
He likes playing basketball, so do I.
Mary cannot answer the question, nor/neither can I.
注：so + 主语 +助动词/情态动词/be动词用来加强语气，意为“的确如此、确实如此”，前后句的主语为同一人或物。
She is beautiful, so she is.
疑问句
疑问句大部分都用倒装语序，包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反问疑问句。
一般疑问句
在一般疑问句中，将助动词/情态动词/be动词置于主语之前，构成语法倒装。
Do you have many friends here?
Can you speak English?
特殊疑问句
疑问词为宾语、表语、状语的特殊疑问句需要将疑问词置于句首，将助动词/情态动词/be动词置于主语之前，构成语法倒装。
Where can I park the car?
How much do you need?
选择疑问句
在选择疑问句中，将助动词/情态动词/be动词置于主语之前，构成语法倒装。
Is she a postgraduate or an undergraduate?
Are we going to meet here or at the airport?
反意疑问句
You don’t smoke, do you? 你不抽烟，是吧？
It’s a nice day today, isn’t it? 今天天气很好，是吧？
含有否定意义的副词置于句首
如no, never, seldom, little, hardly等，或含有no的表示否定意义的短语置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
Never would he know what she had suffered. 他绝不会知道她受过的苦。
Rarely does a person succeed when he doesn’t believe in himself. 一个人如果不相信自己，则很难成功。
Little does he care whether we live or die. 他丝毫不在乎我们的死活。
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚到她就开始诉苦。
only置于句首
only置于句首，且修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时，句子用部分倒装。
Only in this way can you succeed.
注：当only置于句首且修饰主语时，句子不用倒装语序。
Only the people who are qualified can be admitted to the club. 只有那些合格的人才能成为俱乐部会员。
（有些）介词短语置于句首
On no account must we give up this attempt. 我们决不能放弃这个努力。
In vain did he try to open the locked door. 他设法打开那扇锁着的门但没成功。
2.2.5 so/such… that…
在so/such… that… 结构中，若so/such引导的部分置于句首，主句用部分倒装。
So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not notice his mother at the door.
他沉浸在了小说中，以至于没有注意到母亲在门口。
not… until, not only… but also, hardly… when (刚一…就…), no sooner… than (一…就…)
此类句式中，当not until, not only, hardly, no sooner置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
Not until midnight did the rain stop. 直到半夜雨才停。
No sooner had I left than she called. 我刚走她就打来了电话。
if引导的虚拟条件句
if引导的虚拟条件句中含有had, were, should时，可以省略if, 将had, were, should置于主语之前，构成部分倒装。
Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train.
要是我们到得早一点，我们就赶上火车了。
Were I him, I would refuse.
如果我是他，我会拒绝。
Should you require anything, just give me a call.
如果你需要什么，给我打个电话就行。
替代
在英语中，it, one, ones, that, those, not, so, do等词可以用来代指前文中的某个词语或句子，这种现象称作替代。替代的运用旨在使语言简洁。
it的替代用法
A. it可以用来代指上文提到的同一名称的同一事物，即相同指代。它所替代的名词可以
是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
I was disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be much better.
B. it可以代指某一个句子或词组，使语言简练、结构合理。
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
C. it可以代指不定代词everyone, everybody, someone, somebody等。在疑问句的答语中，it可以用来代替表示人的指示代词。除此之外，it可以在句子中作形式主语或形式宾语，用来代替句子、不定式短语或动名词短语，以保持句子平衡。
Who is there?
It may be Tom’s father.
one/ones的替代用法
one通常用来替代上文中的可数名词，它指代的是同类事物中的任何一个，具有泛指含义，其前可以用冠词、形容词、指示代词、不定代词来修饰，其后还可以有词组、句子等定语成分。
ones可以用来替代上文中的复数可数名词，表示泛指含义，其前也可以用冠词、形容词之类的修饰词。
The question is a complicated one. 这是一个复杂的问题。
I don’t have a pen. Can you lend me one?
Do you have any pens?
Yes, I have good ones. (ones前面有形容词修饰)
Yes, I have some. (没有形容词修饰时，不可用ones, 而要用some)
注：当one/ones的修饰语为this/these, that/those, the last/the next, 以及形容词的比较级或最高级等限定词时，one/ones常省略。
This chair is too low. I’ll sit in that (one).
that/those的替代用法
that可以替代上文中的可数名词或不可数名词，当替代单数可数名词时，that相当于the one, that只能指物，不能指人。
those可以替代上文中的复数名词，相当于the ones。
Few pleasures can equal that of a drink on a hot day. (that替代the pleasure)
没有什么乐趣能比得上在热天喝上一杯了。
The students in Class 2 are more active than those of Class 1. (those替代the students)
so/not的替代用法
so可用作替代词，常用于think, suppose, expect, believe, imagine, hope, fear, guess, be afraid等词之后。so替代前文中的肯定句，not替代前文中的否定句。
I think so./I don’t think so.
I believe so./I believe not.
I hope so./I hope not.
I guess so./I guess not.
I suppose so./I suppose not.
do/does/did的替代用法
do/does/did可以用来替代前文中的谓语动词（短语）。
He won the first prize in the contest.
So he did. (did = won the first prize)
不定式符号to的替代用法
不定式符号to可以用来替代前文当中的动词（短语）。
Will you go abroad this summer?
No, I finally decided not to. (to = to go abroad)
省略句
省略句就是缺少一个或一个以上的必要的语言成分，但在一定语境中能够独立存在、意
义明确，并且能够发挥交际功能的句子。省略句是为了避免重复，保持句子简洁。
基本句子种类中的省略
陈述句中的省略
A. 句子成分的省略。
为了避免重复或使句子更加简洁，在不引起起义的情况下，常把某些句子成分省略，构成省略结构。
Beg your pardon for what I did. (省略主语)
Some of us speak Chinese, others (speak) English. (省略谓语)
注：在祈使句中，通常省略主语。
B. 年龄、钟点等的省略。
主要省去跟年龄、钟点相关的名词。
She is 20 (years old).
It’s five (o’clock).
C. 答语中的省略。
为了避免重复而省略疑问句的答语。
Which language are you studying?
(I’m studying) English.
疑问句中的省略
A. 一般疑问句
在一
般疑问句中，可部分省略主语、谓语、使问句更加简洁、明了。
(Do you) Mind if I take this one?
B. 特殊疑问句
在特殊疑问句中，多将一些不重要的部分省略，即次要省略，以突出重点。
Why (do) not (you) join us? (你)为什么不加入我们呢？
Why (do) not (you do that)? (你)为什么不(做)呢？
感叹句中的省略
在感叹句中，常对非感叹部分进行省略，即突出感叹的部分，省去非感叹部分。
What a lovely day (it is)!
How amazing (it is)!
某些固定搭配中的省略
He is not only kind, but he is (also) honest.
Whether Mr. White will attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.
在the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…的结构中，可以省略其余部分。
The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
注：固定短语中介词的省略：
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
做…有困难
spend… (in) doing sth.
花…做…
stop/prevent… (from) doing sth.
阻止…做…
end up… (by) doing sth.
以做…结束
take turns (at) doing sth.
轮流做…
be busy (in) doing sth.
忙于做…
have a good/pleasant/hard time (in) doing sth.
做…过的愉快/艰难
than, as引导的比较状语从句中的省略
当不同的主语进行比较时，一般省略
从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语（be动词除外）和主句中的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。
She is taller than her sister (is).
I have as much as confidence in you as (I have confidence) in him.
if引导的条件状语从句中的省略
这些省略结构是经过长期发展，约定俗称而来的，很少有人关注其省略的成分。
If (it is) possible/necessary, the old temple will be rebuilt.
There are only a few books in our school library, if (there are) any.
What (will happen) if we can’t finish the work? 如果我们完不成工作怎么办？
不定式结构中的省略
A. 在特定的语境中，当不定式再次出现时，为了避免重复，在want, wish, hope, try, plan, like, love, hate等后面通常只保留to, 而省略后面的动词。
My teacher encourages me to play basketball, but I don’t want to.
B. 若不定式中含有be, have, have been时，通常将其保留，而把其余部分省略。
Are you a college student? No, but I used to be (a college student).
插入语
插入语的位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句中、句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。插入语与句中其他成分没有直接语法上的联系，将其删掉之后，句子结构仍然完整。
简短的句子结构作插入语
简短的句子结构作插入语，可以置于句中或句末。
This diet, I think, will do good to your health.
It won’t be raining long, I hope.
注：常见的简短的句子结构有：I think, I hope, I guess, I believe, I suppose, I wonder, I tell you, I say, I’m afraid, I’m sure, you see, you know, as you know, that is, that is to say, what’s more等。
副词/副词短语作插入语
副词/副词短语作插入语，一般放在句首或句末。
You’ll be able to pass the exam, surely.
Luckily for him, he wasn’t hurt in the accident.
注：常见的作插入语的副词/副词短语有：indeed, frankly, obviously, naturally, fortunately, however, briefly, luckily/happily for sb.
介词/介词短语作插入语
介词/介词短语作插入语，一般放在句首，有时也可放在句中。
By the way, Bob sends his best wishes.
注：常见的作插入语的介词/介词短语有：in conclusion, of course, in short, in general, in my view, for instance, in addition, to sb.’ surprise等。
形容词/形容词短语作插入语
某些形容词/形容词短语也可作插入语，如：needless to say, most important of all, worse still, even better, strange to say等。
分词短语作插入语
Compared with China, that country is smaller.
Judging from his accent, he must come from England.
注：常见的作插入语的分词短语有：strictly speaking, compared with, judging from, talking of（谈到…）等。
不定式短语作插入语
To be sure, you can still find poverty in many countries.
To start with, we need your help.
疑问句作插入语
What do you suppose the problem is about?
你认为这个问题是关于什么的呢？
What do you know about him?
关于他，你知道写什么呢？
Which coat do you think I can choose?
你认为我会选择哪件外套？
Who do you think you are? (do you think作插入语，正常语序为：Do you think who you are? think后面引导宾语从句)
你以为你是谁啊？
注：带有插入语的特殊疑问句的语序：疑问词 + do you think/believe/imagine/suppose/expect/guess/suggest + 陈述语序。
There be句型
There be句型主要用来表达某处有某人/某物，表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语。句型中的主语可以带前置/后置定语，但只能是表示泛指含义的名词/名词短语。
主谓一致
There be句型中，be是谓语动词，它在人称和数上应该和其后的主语保持一致。如果be后有两个或两个以上的名词作主语，be动词应采取“就近原则”，即be与邻近的主语在数上保持一致。
There is a pen and two books on the desk.
There are two men and a woman in the house.
变化形式
There be句型中be的形式可以根据具体情况有不同的变化形式。
There is going to be a concert next Monday.
There will be a football match this month.
There used to be a lot of buildings here.
Long long ago, there lived a king.
注：there be句型中谓语动词除be之外，还可以用live, lie, exist, stand, remain等表示“存在”意义的不及物动词。
固定句式
There is no doubt that…
毫无疑问…
There is no need to do sth.
没有必要做某事
There is no point (in) doing sth.
做某事毫无意义
There is no use (in) doing sth.
做某事没用
There is no sense in doing sth.
做某事没有道理
There is no good (in) doing sth.
做某事没有好处
非谓语形式
There be句型的非谓语形式有两种：there to be和there being，there 作逻辑主语。非谓语形式的there to be 和there being 结构可用作主语、宾语、或状语。
作主语
A. 有for引导，则用there to be。
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the class.
太遗憾了，这个班上有多方面的麻烦。
It is common for there to be problems of communication between teachers and students.
老师与学生之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
B. 没有for引导，则用there being。
There being a public bus service is a great convenience to people.
公交车对人们十分方便。
The prison is heavily guarded. There being no hope of escape is certain.
作宾语
A. 作介词宾语。
介词for之后常跟there to be, 其他介词之后常跟there being。
What’s the chance of there being an election this year?
今年举行选举的可能性有多大？
He was disappointed at there being no money left.
他对不剩一点钱感到失望。
The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.
老师在等着大家都安静下来。
B. 作动词宾语。
①跟动名词的动词后用there being。
常见的动词有：deny, appreciate, mind, imagine, admit。
②跟不定式的动词后用there to be。
常见的动词有：want, expect, hope, wish, like , hate, would like, prefer, mean, intend等。
She denied there being any misunderstanding between them.
她否认他们之间有任何误会。
Teachers don’t want there to be any students lagging behind.
老师不希望有任何学生掉队。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.
他们不愿意处处都要排长队。
We expect there to be no argument.
我们希望不会出现争吵。
People don't want there to be anther war.
人们不希望再有战争。
作状语
A. 作独立主格结构，用there being。
There being nothing else to do, they went home. 没有别的事做，他们回家了。
There being nobody else to help me, I had to do it by myself．
由于没有人帮我，我只得单干了。
There being no nobody in the room, we realized that there was no use crying.
屋里没人，我们意识到哭喊是没有用的。
B. 若置于介词for之后，则用there to be，整个介词短语作程度状语。
It was too late for there to be any buses. 太晚了，不会有公共汽车了。
It is enough for there to be five minutes. 五分钟就足够了。
