- A+
p://nc/search?entry=articleKeyword&word=nec">necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3.
4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.
Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21.Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential.
[B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs.
[D]cooperative spirit.
24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A] encouraging the development of automation.
[B]increasing the return on capital investment.
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from widening.
25.In this text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it.
[B]possible solutions to it.
[C]its alarming impacts.
[D]its major variations.
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.
[C] the administrations ability to handle information.
[D] social media was a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen
[B] define
[C] boast
[D] share
28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.
[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.
[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”
29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers outdated values.
[B] journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
[D] journalists’ made-up stories.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.
31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.
[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous.
[B] cautious.
[C] appreciative.
[D] contemptuous.
Text 4
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A]. its unbalanced budget.
[B] .its rigid management.
[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.
[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.
37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A]. the interference from interest groups.
[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.
[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.
[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.
38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.
[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.
[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.
39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with
[A] respect.
[B] tolerance.
[C] discontent.
[D] gratitude.
40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors 
decorated the office of the Secretary.
C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford,
and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
F. Construction took 17 years
as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.
G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded
conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions：
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET
Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1)describe the pictures briefly.
2)interpret the meaning, and
3)give you comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)
2021年考研英语（一）真题参阅答案解析
补白：因为2021年考研英语考试选用“一题多卷”的考试方法，同一类别、多种试卷，卷面格局不固定、纷歧致。“一题多卷”试卷内容其实是相同的，只是标题、选项次序都给打乱了。所以答案不能参阅ABCD，而是要参照后边的选项。修改提示：这篇文章给予的答案跟真题选项内容无法逐个对应，所以在参阅答案时应重视实践内容，而不是简略的ABCD！
1、【答案】[B] for
【解析】此处查询介词的用法。it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信赖是一个必要条件_____许多重要作业) 此处大约是说，信赖对许多重要作业来说是一个必要条件。B选项for（对...来说）契合语义，故为正确答案；A选项from（来自于），C选项like（像...），D选项on（关于）语义不恰当，故打扫。
2、【答案】[C] faith
【解析】此处查询词义分析和中心共同性原则。第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business (信赖是一个新鲜的东西)。后边进一步对该主题句进行说明阐明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信赖对许多重要作业来说是必要条件，比方照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信赖的优点。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面，把...放在差错的当地一般会带来无量...)，显着这句话照常在说明主题词“trust”，只需C选项faith（信赖、忠诚）与trust归于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price
【解析】此处查询词义分析。第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信赖是一个新鲜的东西)。后边进一步对该主题句进行说明阐明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信赖对许多重要作业来说是必要条件，比方照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信赖的优点。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high____. (另一方面，把...放在差错的当地一般会带来无量...)，显着这句话照常在说明主题词“trust”，而且根据空格地址句中的要害词“wrong place”，本句大约在说信赖不当的坏处，所以空格处大约填入一个负向豪情颜色的词，故A选项benefit和D选项hope打扫，而C选项debt（债款）带入之后语义不当，故正确答案为[B] price（价值）。
4、【答案】[D] Then
【解析】此处查询逻辑联络。上段叙说的是信赖的优点和信赖不当的坏处。第二段段首提出疑问：“_____咱们为啥要信赖”。只需D选项then（那么）填入后能构成顺畅的语义和逻辑联络。故正确答案为D then(那么)。A选项again（再次）标明偏重；B选项instead（可是、可是）标明转机；C选项therefore（因而）标明成果，不契合需求，故打扫。
5、【答案】[A] When
【解析】此处查询逻辑联络。空格地址句意义为：______我们信赖一自个或一个组织机构，他们的大脑会开释催产素。只需A选项when（当..时分）填入后契合逻辑需求，故正确答案为A选项when。其他三个选项B选项unless（假定不）表条件，C选项although（尽管）表让步，D选项until（直到...）表时刻，带入后均语义不通畅，故打扫。
6、【答案】[C] produce
【解析】此处查询动宾分配疑问。上文指出：When people place their trust in an …their brains release oxytocin, a hormone.上文指出当我们发生信赖感，大脑就会发生一种荷尔蒙，后边是定语从句，句内的动宾分配， 可推知这个荷尔蒙能发生令人愉悦的心境， 而且与后边的trigger同义复现，因而C .produce 正确。
7、【答案】[A] connect
【解析】此处查询上下文信息照顾题。上文讲到这种荷尔蒙可以激起一种群居天性，the herding instinct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and promote …with one another，这种天性有两个作用，并用and 联接，所以复现同义and 前面的flock together. 因而选择A. connect
8、【答案】[B] to
【解析】此处查询上下语境下的名词介词分配疑问。根据上文的结论，下文实验打开分析，Swiss scientists have found that exposure to this hormone puts us….所以研讨中需求受试者要先处于这种环境中，所以名词exposure to 构成分配语义联络，标明“触摸”的意思，因而选择to。
9、【答案】[D] mood
【解析】此处查询上下文的信息对应和句内信息对应。上文说到身领会发生荷尔蒙，会给你带来一种愉悦的心境pleasurable feelings，这个上文结论。实验中exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting …，因而，根据上下文，实验中，处于这种荷尔蒙环境中，会给人带来心境；口气；心境；。因而选择 mood。
10、【答案】[A] counterparts
【解析】此处查询上下文的信息对应和句内信息对应。上文指出，In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects ,可推知本句再讲与另外一组受试者比照。故选择A。counterparts. 相对物，相对应的人。
11、【答案】[C] Lucky
【解析】此处查询上下文的逻辑联络。因为这个语句傍边有个词also，阐明前文和后文情感是共同的联络。说咱们有这两种天资，对我们来说都是功德，所以需要选择一个正向的情感颜色。只能选择lucky。A选项odd 新鲜的是，B选项funny 风趣的是，D选项ironic 讥讽的是，皆不契合辞意。
12、【答案】[A] protect
【解析】此处查询上下文的成分分配。因为这个语句傍边有个词also，阐明前文和后文情感是并排平行联络，前后情感大约共同。所以此处只能选择protect 维护咱们，契合辞意。B选项delight 使高兴； C 选项 surprise 使震动；D选项monitor 监控皆不契合辞意。
13、【答案】[D] between
【解析】此处查询固定分配。differentiate between A and B. 介词between标明在A和B之间 , 原辞意义为：“4个月大的孩子可以区别出一个可信的人和一个不诚笃的人”。
14、【答案】[C] introduced
【解析】此处查询成分分配。原文表达： Sixty toddlers were each______ to an adult tester holding a plastic container. 只需C选项be introduced to sth标明“初度知道某事物”，契合辞意。A 选项added 添加；B选项transferred转移；D选项 entrusted 托付，皆不契合辞意。
15、【答案】[B] inside
【解析】此处查询介词分配及词义复现。原文表达：“What’s in here?” before looking into the container…… Each subject was then invited to _________. 只需选择B选项inside 才干和前文所表达的in here和looking into一脉相承。
16、【答案】[D] discovered
【解析】此处查询词义复现，归于语句内部的显性条理。根据原文Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty… 这是用分号并排的连个语句，都是在讲实验的成果句型规划根柢共同，前半句再讲一半的受测者在盒子里边找到了玩具，后半句必定是再说另半会怎么样，两个小分句的规划根柢共同Half of them = the other half，found=16，a toy= the container was empty，所以16题填入的大约是found的近义词，发现的意义，故D为正确选项。
17、【答案】[A] fooled
【解析】此处句间逻辑联络，归于语句内部的显性条理。—and realized the tester had 17 them，此句位于破折号后边，是对前面意思的说明阐明。前面说到另一半人发现盒子是空的，而且知道到查验者对他们怎么样，已然盒子是空的那么必定知道到查验者是在捉弄他们，所以刁难此题必需要了解tester查验者是主语，宾语是them指的是受测者，主语的意思抉择了谓语动词的意义为捉弄，故A fooled为正确选项。
18、【答案】[B] willing
【解析】 此处查询分配联络，归于语句内部的显性条理。Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 根据语句规划咱们可以看出逗号之前是一个介词短语意为在一切没有被捉弄过的孩子里边，大大都的孩子在习得一种新技能的时分与查验者的协作是怎么样的，demonstrating that they trusted his leadership标明这些孩子信赖他的领导，所以已然信赖他们就是情愿与其协作，故选择B. willing，与were willing to 构成固定分配，意为情愿。
19、【答案】[D] In contrast
【解析】此处查询句间的逻辑联络。19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity. 经过该句中的only只是，可以看出与上文的 the majority of 构成显着的比照，19题大约填入的大约是标明转机，与上文构成比照的逻辑联络词。分析四个选项A标明总结，B标明成果，C标明举比方，只需D标明转机，比照，故D为正确选项。
20、【答案】[C] unreliable
【解析】此处查询词义分析。19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity.该句意义为：在接下来的活动中30个孩子中只需5个孩子与。。。样的查验者能协作，所以联系上文说到的大有些孩子信赖查验者，可是5/30归于一小有些，大有些对应的是信赖，那么小比例的对应的是不信赖，所以 tester的润饰词大约为C，unreliable不可以靠的，不可以信赖的，故C为正确选项。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21、【答案】D Middle-class workers
【解析】根据题干中“threatned”和“automation”定位到第一段首句“the annoyi-ng challenge facing the middle class is one that...for their jobs”中的challenge和第二段的最终三句话，可以得知相关于低收入者和有钱人，中产阶层遭到的冲击最大。
22、【答案】C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
【解析】根据题干可定位到第三段中的首句“this isn’t to be alarmist”和末句“But ... middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting”，but转机句再一次偏重了作者的观念，即中产阶层工人需要许多协助来调整应对疑问。一起，末句中”may need a lot of help”同义替换成选项C中的“need to be tackled”，主动化带来的疑问需要被处置，得出C答案。
23、【答案】A creative potential
【解析】根据题干中的要害词可定位到第四段第二句“Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication”。由该句可知，课程大约更重视创造性和凌乱的交流而非回想实际。所以，大约选C选项creative potential（创造潜能），同义替换为creativity。
24、【答案】D preventing the income gap from widening
【解析】该题查询作者的观念，根据题干中的要害词可定位到第六段第一句“Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought”。由该句可知，因为主动化加大了本钱收入和劳作力收入的间隔，所以大约从头思考税收和平安网（保证办法），即税收方针大约避免收入间隔扩展，选D选项preventing the income gap from widening。
25、【答案】B possible solutions to it
【解析】作者在文章第一、二段提出疑问“中产阶层受主动化损害最大”之后，第三段的结束句提出中产阶层需要协助去习气主动化的打开，接下来第四段至第六段介绍处置办法，最终一段标明作者观念。所以大约选B 选项possible solutions to it（处置疑问的相应办法）。
Text 2
26、【答案】[D] social media as a reliable source of news
【解析】双段推理题。根据标题定位到第1段和第2段，双段推理优先思考双段主旨。第一段中心句为最终一句话：Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not a president’s social media platform。“千禧一代喜爱白宫直接发布的消息…而不是总统交际媒体发布的信息”，阐明他们不太信赖交际媒体。第2段中心为第二句转机之后，阐明关于交际媒体的不信赖上升。故双段中心都和他们不信赖交际媒体有关。联系以上信息，得出交际媒体信息不可以靠，选择D。
27、【答案】[A] sharpen
【解析】词汇释义题。根据标题定位到第2段第2句：Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills。语句的情感颜色判别，因为逗号条件到“我们关于一切媒体的不信赖添加”，可以推知我们大约初步增强其媒体本质的技能，故选A。
28. 【答案】B verify news by referring to diverse sources.
【解析】典范子明题。根据题干定位至第三段第二句话。因为某项研讨一般是论据证明前面的观念，故答案大约位于第一句话“Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at seperating fact from fiction in cyberspace.” 阐明答案大约“和年青人更简略把网络中的实际和虚伪信息区别开来”，故答案为B“验证新闻的真伪”。为了精确可以在论据中去验证，论据中说到“verify stories”, “cross check sources”和“prefer news from different perspectives”，都是和多注重点验证信息真伪有关的。
29. 【答案】C readers’ misinterpretation
【解析】实际细节题。根据题干定位至第五段第三句found之后a main reason对应the top reason，而原文剩下信息为“reader error”, 所以大约和读者有关。Error大约对应misinterpretation, 故答案为C readers’ misinterpretation。若本句不清楚，下句进一步阐明答案的内容，文中misintepretation or exerggeration of actual news进一步印证C为正确答案。
30. 【答案】A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
【解析】全文主旨题。本篇文章归于篇首转机，二段转机之后为全文主旨，yet之后说道：“Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be strarting to beef up their media literacy skills”.“跟着关于一切媒体不信赖的上升，我们初步增强其媒体本质的技能”，故答案为A。为了验证，可以看篇末，篇末重申主题，so之后讲道“so when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reaveal a mental discipline in thinking skills-and in their choices on when to share on social media.” 更进一步阐明和我们批判性看待交际媒体上的新闻有关。
Text 3
31、【答案】[B] It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights.
【解析】细节题。根据题干中的NHS, DeepMind和agreement回订亲位第一段第四句“It is against that background that the information commissioner, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy”。根据a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy这一有些的语义信息，阐明NHS与DeepMind之间的协议没有充分思考到患者的权力与隐私。这句话的言外之意就是协议未能充分重视患者的权力。故断定答案为选项B，其间failed to是took far too little account的同义改写。
32、【答案】[C] necessary adjustments.
【解析】细节题。根据题干中的NHS trust, 以及Denham’s verdict回订亲位第二段第二句“The NHS trust has mended its ways.” 根据第二句的语义信息，NHS trust关于Denham’s verdict现已调整了其与DeepMind的协议内容，故经过同义替换，可断定正确答案为C。
33、【答案】[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it.
【解析】推理题。根据题干，此题定位在第二段最终一句but之后的转机句。“But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives data value”. 这种区别无视了一个点：是处置和搜集赋予数据意义，而不是具稀有据。 选项中的 “processing”和原文中的“processing”原词复现。 选项中的“the value of data”对应原文中的“data value”。因而，D项为正确答案。
34、【答案】[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
【解析】细节题。根据题干此题定位在文中最终一段的第四句。“What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.”重要的是这些前进归于一个私家独占公司，而私家独占企来运用公共本钱进行研发。而这正真实的担忧地址。因而，选项D为正确答案, the monopoly of big data by tech giants对应原文中的a private monopoly。
35、【答案】[B] cautious
【解析】情绪题。本题查询作者对这篇文章主题“将人工智能使用于医疗安康”的情绪。根据次序性原则定位在最终一段。该段倒数第三句话指出“咱们当前仍然处于这一变革的前期，而且任何小的选择都会对将来发生深远的影响”，其间“still”一词，以及“small”（小）和“gigantic”（无量的）比照，都体现出了作者对待整个作业是留心稳重的情绪，因而[B] cautious为正确答案。
Text 4
36、【答案】[B] its rigid management
【解析】根据题干判别本题查询因果细节。第一段的前三句都是有关USPS的具体数字，归于细节信息。第四句呈现many reasons许多缘由。紧接着下面就有fundamentally根柢缘由是， 所以定位在第一段的最终一句。然后分析这个长难句，USPS 处在squeeze between 1 and 2,中，1是technological change, 2是structure. 2的structure后定语从句：denies management flexibility 对应选项B: rigid management。
【烦扰项分析】：选项A，budget文中未有触及。 选项C，尽管有说到technological ,原文technological change 后的定语从句说的是：技能变革降低需要，并没有说到cost本钱疑问。选项D，the withdrawal of bank support 银行撑持撤消了，原文并没有提及银行撑持，直接打扫。
37、【答案】[A] the interference from interest groups
【解析】 根据题干due to，判别本题查询因果细节。根据题干要害词：USPS fails to modernize 定位到原文第二段最终一句，在这句前leaving，留下，致使这个成果，往前找缘由，前一句说到reform legislation, 而且这句前还有this is why，只需找到代词this指代就可以判别选项。代词往前推，根据这句骨干interest groups exerts pressure on Congress选择选项A，interference 对应 exert pressure on。
【烦扰项分析】选项B，the inadequate funding from Congress,原文尽管有说到Congress国会，the aspect of status quo get protected, 国会维护USPS，并没有提及inadequate funding基金缺乏。选项C，the shrinking demand for postal service 邮政需要减缩，文中没有提及。选项D, the incompetence of postal unions 邮政工会的不作为。文章有说到工会，可是只提他们是归于Interest groups,并没有说到无作为。
38、【答案】[A] removing its burden of retiree health care
【解析】 因果细节题。根据38题题干The long-standing complaint by the ....回订亲位到第3段，最终一句：“ The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus....” .再根据题干中“ can be addressed by” 即：经过哪种方法处置，此处为解题要害，经过哪种方法来处置，前后显着为成果与途径的联络，即可了解为因果联络。文章此句后半句正是题干，thus前半句为答案The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care。与 A. B . C .D 四个选项匹配后，正确答案为 A removing its burden of retiree health care。
39、【答案】[C] discontent
【解析】根据题干可以判别本题为观念情绪题。回订亲位到最终一段。题干“the author seems to view legislators with”, 具体定位到最终一段倒数第2句：“ The emerging.....is a sign that legislators are getting frightened.......” 再根据题干，问作者究竟情绪，本段最终一句，转机句是作者究竟的情绪：“ It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about....” , 即作者认为他们并没有细心对待。所以此处作者情绪为否定。匹配A B C D 四个选项 只需C discontent( 不满）为负向信息，所认为正确答案。
40、【答案】[D] The Postal Service Needs more than a Band-Aid
【解析】根据题干特征词“best title”，这是一道主旨题。根据?牡捞馕实闹魈猓谝坏捞夂偷诙捞馐荱SPS呈现了疑问，并分析缘由，第三道题给出处置办法，第四道题说到作者关于这个办法的情绪，即提出疑问—分析疑问—处置疑问，并在最终给出作者对这个处置方案的评价。根据这个文章规划，首要A选项“USPS初步错失了它的好韶光”，这只是提出疑问，相对片面；B选项“USPS：不要动我的奶酪”, 这是回绝处置疑问的情绪，不契合文章的写作思路；C选项“USPS：缓慢病需要快办法”，这个chronic和quick都没有在文中说到；D选项“USPS需要的不只是是权宜之计”，这说的其实作者关于处置方案的评价，在文章最终一段。这段最终结束有But，有however， “it[指代前文讲的办法] is not a sign……”，对此作者标明否定情绪。所以D选项为正确答案。
Part B
41、【答案】 [E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB) commands a…
【解析】 E段首要介绍EEOB的全称，对全文进行概述提出论题，可选为41题答案。一起，从给定选项C第一句说到the State, War，and Navy Building…，the在此特指，可以作为另逐个个条理，在E选项中最终一句，复现了the State, War，and Navy Building...。故41题答案选E。
42、【答案】[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its…
【解析】C选项最终一句谈到了many historic events（建筑内呈现了前史作业），而G选项第一句说到了the history of the EEOB…（EEOB的前史...)，意思共同，承上启下，故42题答案选G。
43、【答案】[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed…
【解析】断定G后，根据G选项最终一句，...the demolition of the State Department Building(谈到撤消the State Department Building), 而A选项中谈到了select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department，树立一个新的State Department Building，前后意思顺接，故43题答案选A。
44、【答案】[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing…
【解析】 根据给定的F段，首句是期间粗心，该句说到了...as the building slowly rose wing by wing(该建筑逐翼打开). 而B选项第一句谈到了...south wing was the first to be occupied(首要位于在南翼)，然后在B选项最终一句又谈到...moved into the east wing（之后又移至东翼）. 先在F段总起，再在B段平分说，前后对应，故44题答案选B.
45、【答案】[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures…
【解析】 B段结束处谈到了where elaborate wall…decorated the office of the Secretary(这些精巧的墙....装饰了秘书处的单位)，而D段第一句说到了...that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls(前史作业在这些EEOB的墙上呈现), the wall原词复现，两句话意思共同，故45题答案选D。
Section III Translation
(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
【标题考点】代词复原；并排规划
【语句规划】and并排两个语句，骨干别离为：…Europe was witnessing the passing … and the creation of …；of the religious drama为定语润饰the passing；under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy为状语
【要点词汇】witness 见证 religious宗教的 drama戏曲 incentive影响
【参阅译文】莎士比亚出世之时，欧洲宗教戏曲正在消逝，在古典凄惨剧和戏曲的推进下，许多新的戏曲方法应运而生。
(47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
【标题考点】定语从句；宾语从句；并排规划
【语句规划】主句骨干：no boy… could be ignorant that…。who引导的定语从句润饰boy， that引导为描述词ignorant的宾语从句，which引导的定语从句润饰a form of literature， gave…and might bring honor…为先行词a form of literature的并排谓语规划。
【要点词汇】grammar school 文法学校 ignorant无视 literature文学 glory 光彩
【参阅译文】任何文法学校的学生都晓得戏曲是一种文学方法，它曾给希腊和罗马带来光彩，或许相同会给英格兰带来荣誉。
(48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.
【标题考点】并排句
【语句规划】并排句骨干别离为：…companies prospered … and university men …were quick to…
【要点词汇】professional 专业的 prosper昌盛 permanent theater耐久性剧院
【参阅译文】可是专业公司的耐久性剧院却兴隆起来，所以高校一些有着文学志向的人灵敏捉住机缘，将其作为一个营生办法。
(49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
【标题考点】伴随状语，并排规划，被逼语态
【语句规划】本句是一个由and联接的并排句。and前的语句骨干为一个被逼语态的简略句：a … drama had been created, with引导一个伴随状语；and后的语句也为一个被逼语态的简略句：some of its great traditions had been begun。
【要点词汇】alliance作为名词意为“联盟，联合；联婚”，常与介词with进行分配运用。establish作为动词意为“树立，兴办”，也可引申为“诞生”。at least为固定分配，标明“至少”。tradition作为名词标明“传统，常规”。
【参阅译文】一种本乡文学戏曲方法诞生了，它与公共剧院结成联盟，至少它的一些优良传统初步登上前史舞台了。
(50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
【标题考点】非谓语，宾语从句，定语从句
【语句规划】本句规划较为凌乱，主句有些为“we must remember…”，主句之前的非谓语to realize作为意图状语，后接了一个how引导的宾语从句。主句中，两个that别离引导了两个remember的宾语从句，其间第二个宾语从句中，有一个whose引导的定语从句，润饰author of note。
【要点词汇】realize作为动词标明“完成，晓得，知道到”。dramatic为drama的描述词方法，意思为“戏曲的，引人凝视的，激悦耳心的”。survive作为动词标明“幸存，活下来；比…活得长”。hosts of标明“许多的”。
【参阅译文】为了晓得戏曲性活动有多么巨大，咱们有必要紧记许多的戏曲现已被忘掉了，而且有可以没有一位出名作家的一切作品都保存了下来。
Section IV Writing
51.【参阅范文】
Dear professors,
I, on behalf of the Students’ Union, am writing this letter to invite all of you to attend the graduation ceremony.
The ceremony will be held in the Sports Hall of our university on this Friday morning, from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. The details about the ceremony are as follows. First and foremost, the president will make a speech for the graduates, blessing them to have a bright future. In addition, several experts will be invited to issuing certificates to all the graduates.
It would be a great honor for us to have the accompany of all of you in the graduation ceremony. Therefore, we all hope that you can spare your time to attend it and we are looking forward to your reply to tell us whether you can attend it or not on that day.
Your sincerely,
Li Ming
52.【参阅范文】
Exhibited in the cartoon is a sarcastic scene that sitting before a computer, a college student is choosing his optional class, wondering and pondering whether he should choose an easier course or a tougher but creative course. Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning it conveys is profound and thought-provoking.
It is beyond doubt that the painter aims to tell us that everyone, especially college students, should have the spirit of creation and innovation. To put it another way, innovation is an essential and indispensable role for anyone who wants to succeed. This can be directly attributed to the fact that one may be caught in dilemma, at least once in life. Such a dilemma may coincidentally be most difficult period in his life. Then there are two choices before him: making a creative choice or an easier one. If he chooses the former and tries to break through the barrier, difficult as it will be, success will be the result one day. However, although it seems to be much easier for him at the moment, the latter choice may kill off his dream and ambition, and such choice then will be a pity all his life.
As college student, definitely, we are facing or will face many difficulties. At such moment, we should bear in mind that creation is a necessary and indispensable quality in our life, a positive attitude to life and an approach to success. Keep the spirit of innovation, and we will win a better life.
