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??在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
宾语从句连接代词主要有:
who,whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。
宾语从句的特点:
1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。
4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5.如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it.
宾语从句的时态:
1.主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句:the headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句:she was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
例句:the teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
4. 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。
宾语从句的语序:
a. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
false: he is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
right: he is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
b. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
bad: i thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
good: i thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
c. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
bad: i think he doesn’t like the english teacher.
good: i don’t think he likes the english teacher.
d. 主句一般过去时态,从句也要用过去时态。
false: he wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
right: he wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
宾语从句的否定转移:
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
i don’t think he will come to my party.
而不能说成i think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会。
i don’t believe that man is killed by jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
we find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
宾语从句中引导词的用法比较
在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:
连词:that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词:who, whose, what ,which
副词:when ,where, how, why 等。
(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句:the boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。
例句:i don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
2.在以下情况中that不能省略
a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省。
例句:he said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。
例句:just then i noticed, for the first time, ?that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。
例句:i can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it作形式宾语。
例句:i find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
(二)由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句:i wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
2.只能用whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句
a.在带to的不定式前
例句:we decided whether to walk there.
b.在介词的后面
例句:i’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
c.在动词后面的宾语从句时
例句:we discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
d.直接与or not连用时
例句:i can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.
3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
a.if引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”
例句:the students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
例句:he asked if i didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好象)时
例句:he talks as if he has known all about it.
if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
d.在不定式前只能用whether.
(如:i can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。)
e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
(三)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
用于这种结构的动词常常是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
1.英语中的连接代词有:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
例句:can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
2.英语中的连接副词有:when,where,why,how,在句中担任状语的成分。
例句:none of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
简化宾语从句常用六法:
方法一:当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。
例如:
li ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→li ming hopes to be back very soon.
we decided that we would help him.
→we decided to help him.
方法二:当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
she has forgotten how she can open the window.
→she has forgotten how to open the window.
注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,
且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
could you tell me how i can get to the station?
→could you tell me how to get to the station?
方法三:当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如:
the headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ the headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如:
he insisted that he should go with us.
→he insisted on going with us.
the poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→the poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+v-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如:
liu ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ liu ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:
it seemed that the boys were going to win.
→the boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:
i found that it was difficult to learn english well.
→i found it difficult to learn english well.
soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
they found that the box was very heavy.
→they found the box very heavy????