强师专栏 英语口语教学(二) 以听促说的策略与方法(附案例)

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编者按:高质量教师是高质量教育发展的中坚力量。《新时代基础教育强师计划》指出,要加快构建教师思想政治建设、师德师风建设、业务能力建设相互促进的教师队伍建设新格局。本栏目将与英语教师共读最近出版的英语教育图书,旨在介绍最新的英语教育理念与实践经验,助力新时代基础英语教师专业成长。

在听说教学的过程中,需要鼓励学生多听、多说,最终促使学生能听会说。从听前活动创设主题语境,激活学生知识背景;听中帮助学生抓住主要信息;到听后对语言内容的巩固等策略的运用,以听促说,听说结合,提高学生的英语口语表达能力。

一、听前:为“说”埋下伏笔

开口说英语,对很多学生来说本身就是一件很困难的事。他们既需要克服害怕犯错的畏惧心理,同时又要能够言之有物,合情合理,这对学习英语的师生来说都意味着需要长期的、有针对性的听说训练。

要想达到高质量的口语表达目标,就需要保障听的质量。只有当听力材料被深入挖掘其内在文化意义及语言信息,学生不仅能听懂,而且能听后有所得、有所感、有所悟,他们才能有进行口语表达的内容基础和意愿。可以说,高质量的听是说的前提。

因此,在听前活动时,应先采用一些以刺激兴趣点、调动情绪为目标的策略来完成听前的准备工作,不应给学生过多“开口说英语”的压力,以免抑制其表达的意愿,增加其畏惧心理,影响学习效果。同时,听前活动中,应尽量做到将听力的主题与情境以及学生日常生活产生链接,增加其熟悉感,激发起已有的图式,有助于其后续听说活动的表现。

(一)主题链接

在听说活动前,教师可为学生提供与主题相关的图片或视频资料,为学生揭示主题,起到引领全篇的作用。在此过程中,教师通过设问、追问的课堂技巧引导学生发表看法,简单分享,并能借此了解学生对该主题的了解程度、情感倾向等,为后续听说活动的开展做好前期准备工作。例如,

主题:Helping the Environment

教师首先播放一段BBC制作的纪录片 One Life (《地球生灵》)的片头部分,其中展现了地球上各种生物不同的生命形态和生存瞬间,画面精美且震撼。看过之后教师以提问形式展开教学。

Q: What do you see in this video clip? How do you feel about it?

(Possible answers: Different animals are living different lifestyles. They are also living creatures on the Earth. It's exciting and interesting. )

Q: If these animals disappeared, what would happen to us human beings?

(Possible answers: We would disappear too. Nature would be destroyed and there would be little chance for us to survive alone on the Earth. )

接下来,教师在学生思考的基础上,为学生呈现多幅环境恶化、动物被捕杀、栖息地被破坏的图片,引出主题。

(二)创设情境

授课所用的听力材料多为教师根据教学目标设置对既有的完整音视频资料的片段截取,如电影、电视、新闻等。在这种情况下,可能做不到各材料之间的连贯性。为了能更好地将学生带入语境之中,就势必需要教师有创意地将课堂设计成合乎实际生活场景的情境。

对于英语听说知识来说,其同简单的理论知识讲解有着较大的区别,其需要一定的背景、氛围才能够使学生在其中体验到更好的听说感受。听说训练的这一特点决定了听说课的属性必然需要情境设定才能达到更好的教学效果,而且这一情境必须贴近学生生活实际,才能为学生所自然接受。例如,

主题:Cartoon Characters

在课堂上,教师将进行关于卡通片和卡通人物的听说活动。这个主题虽然学生较为熟悉,但活动中所涉及的分析和总结的能力相对抽象,可能会让学生感觉无从着手。为了解决这一问题,在听说活动开始前,教师可通过情境创设使学生快速进入状态。

T: Today, we are going to hold a Students' Union meeting to discuss the mascot of the coming sports meeting. We have four candidates to choose from—Donald Duck, Batman, Doraemon, Pleasant Sheep. What do you think of them in the first place? Who is more promising in your mind?

Possible answers:

Donald Duck is funny but bad-tempered, and he always fails in his tasks, so maybe he is not suitable.

Batman is brave and have superpowers. I think he can better represent our spirits.

Doraemon can be the best choice because he has so many gadgets that can help him overcome every difficulty, which is what we desire.

Pleasant Sheep is the cleverest sheep and fastest runner in the village; therefore, he is also competitive.

T: You have expressed your opinions on the impressions of the four candidates. Now you are going to listen to some passages or conversations about them to get more information. Then we will see whether you will change your mind at the end of the class.

二、听中:以听带说、听说结合

在听的阶段,学生虽然不开口说,但是在积极地接受语言的输入,因此对于听力文本的选取尤为重要。教师要熟悉听力文本材料,充分把握听力的难度,设计由易到难、呈递进式的听力任务链,促使学生根据不同的任务开展听力练习,不断强化听力训练,获取文本主要信息,了解冗余信息,继而通过听来带动说,并在学生说的阶段检验其语言输入及语言内化的效果。教师要以听促说,在听说结合中使用策略,促进学生听说能力的培养,提高听说水平。

(一)泛听训练

泛听,旨在鼓励学生把握文本材料的段落大意,理解谈话主旨。泛听训练多可以采用问答式、表格式等方式进行听说活动的设计,要求学生在听力训练中快速获取“5W1H”要素(who,what,when,where,why,how),抓住文本核心信息;亦或是降低难度,通过播放无字幕的原版电影片段或英文视频,辅以画面感,帮助学生获取文本主旨大意。例如,

主题:Life Choice

T: Listen to the passage and try to answer the question—What is the passage mainly about?

Possible answer: It's about what made Robinson's first sea journey.

听力素材:My First Sea Journey

Before I begin my story I would like to tell you a little about myself. I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York in the north of England. My father was German but he came to live and work in England. Soon after that he married my mother who was English. Her family name was Robinson so when I was born they called me Robinson after her. My father did well in his business and I went to a good school. He wanted me to get a good job and live a quiet comfortable life. But I did not want that. I wanted adventure and an
强师专栏 英语口语教学(二) 以听促说的策略与方法(附案例)插图
exciting life. “I want to be a sailor and go to sea,” I told my mother and father. They were very unhappy about this. “Please do not go,” my father said. “You will not be happy you know. Sailors have a difficult and dangerous life.” And because I loved him and he was unhappy I tried to forget about the sea. But I could not forget and about a year later I saw a friend in town. His father had a ship and my friend said to me, “We're sailing to London tomorrow. Why do not you come with us?” And so on September 1st, 1651. I went to Hull and the next day we sailed for London.

回答问题之后,教师可以采用追问的方式,帮助检验学生是否了解文本材料的大意。

(二)精听训练

精听,就是要求学生能够听懂文本材料中的所有内容,从发音到单词、语法到句式,理解每一个单词和句子,注重锻炼听细节的能力。精听训练最直接的方式是听写,可以通过反复听、听写检查、与原文对照的方式来强化听写训练;亦可降低难度,采用Spot Dictation填空式的方式把握细节问题,进行听力训练。精听训练结束后,可以采用诵读的方式,积累生词和句式,帮助学生建立话题的口语框架,为说打下基础。例如,

Possible
强师专栏 英语口语教学(二) 以听促说的策略与方法(附案例)插图(1)
answers:

Friends

A true friend is someone who reaches for your hand and touches your heart. There's always going to be people that hurt you, so what you have to do is keep on trusting and just be more careful about who you trust next time around.

Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and expect them to know you. Remember: Whatever happens, happens for a reason.

How many people actually have 8 true friends? Hardly anyone I know. But some of us have all-right friends and good friends.

听力活动结束后,可以采用复听的方式,要求学生跟读、熟读,最终诵读,从而了解发音、单词、语法以及句式。

(三)复述演讲

复述是鼓励学生把对听力材料的理解用自己的表达或更加生动、简易的语言表述出来。复述需要非常熟悉了解听力材料,并用自己的概括能力构建出新的语言输出模式。而复述演讲是在复述概括听力材料的基础上进行主题式演讲,更突显学生的自我思维和自我表达能力,是一种综合性的语言训练方式。例如,

主题:Famous People

Mak a speech and try to retell the story of Beethove briefly on the basis of the
强师专栏 英语口语教学(二) 以听促说的策略与方法(附案例)插图(2)
information you have got.

(听力素材来源于新世纪版《高中英语》Unit 2 Listening and talking)

(四)合作学习

合作学习是一种教学形式,一般由两人至六人组成的小组一起开展学习活动,通过合作交流的形式共同完成教师布置的学习任务。同样,合作学习这种方式可以运用在听说教学中,教师可以依据学生不同的英语水平的搭配进行合理分组,确保各组组员之间能够互相学习讨论,优势互补,相互促进。

在听力训练时,小组成员之间在答题后可以通过讨论,获取更多、更全的文本信息;也可以角色扮演,分工合作,更好地理解并诠释文本信息。在小组中,每一位成员都有机会去表达自己的观点,需要互相合作完成学习任务。通过合作学习,学生在语境中使用英语进行口头表达,营造了学习氛围。此外,引进竞赛的机制,学生普遍都有一种争强好胜的心理,通过活动任务布置进行组间竞争,使学生处于一种紧张、激烈的氛围中,从而激活课堂,调动学生的积极性。例如,

主题:Food Group Work: Listen to the conversation about ordering food in the restaurant and be familiar with the expressions used when the customers want to change their mind. Work in groups of four and make a conversation using the menu for Candy Best Restaurant.(听力素材来源于《高中英语》(牛津上海版)S1U6 Ordering Food)

教师设计不同的听力任务,帮助学生了解顾客在点单过程中改变主意时用到的实用句型以及如何在西餐厅用英语点餐。随后,给出 Candy Best Restaurant的菜单,模拟真实场景,让学生综合利用所学内容完成四人一组的西餐厅点单对话,提高学生学英语、说英语、用英语的兴趣。

(五)多元评价

评价是服务于教学的手段和工具,有效的评价可以对教学产生积极的反拨作用。课堂是学生学习的主要场所,在课堂中,听是输入,说是输出,对于听说学习成效的检验不能是单一的。因此,以听促说的评价是多元的,不局限于听说测试,而是贯穿于听说过程的学生自我评价、同伴评价以及教师评价。其中,学生的自我评价与同伴评价其实也是一种对语言内化的过程,通过评价对照自身的学习成果进行反思总结,有助于学生听说能力的提高。在学生评价时,教师可以提前给予评价标准,有助于评价的时效性。

教师在评价的时候要客观、积极回应学生所犯的语言错误,实施鼓励教育。坚持关注输出内容,等学生表达完整之后给予适当的纠错方法,学生通过正确的引导,学会自我纠正。此外,教师引导学生理解听力材料的背景文化,将文化教育渗透到英语听说学习中,提升学生的核心素养。例如,

主题:Making a Plan

Speaking: Planning a celebration

Instructions: In groups, plan an end-of-term party. Start by brainstorming the points and discuss which ideas are best. Try to decide the following to finalize your plan. Remember the useful expressions mentioned in the listening part.

After that, when each group gives the presentation, other groups need listen to the plan carefully and make comments according to the checklists.

(素材选自《高中英语》(牛津上海版)S3A Unit 4)

听力部分是以婚礼为主题的五个短对话,学生通过听力环节已经了解婚礼策划的一些要素,同时也学习了描述策划活动的词组。在此基础上,教师导入语境,学生分组讨论,明确任务,相互交流,最后小组呈现各自策划的一次学期末的庆祝活动。同时,加入评价策略,要求各组间根据评价标准进行互评,教师做好监控,既要关注学生个体的表达,又要关注群体,并给予评价与帮助。

三、听后:为“说”做好巩固

在听说活动结束后,为了能更好地巩固课堂所学,使学生能内化知识,从而最终达到提升口语能力的目的,教师应合理设计课后活动,以此来为学生提供更多“Speak English & Speak Authentic English”的机会。

(一)跟踪训练

在课堂上,学生在教师的引导下完成了一系列的听说活动,对听力材料已经有了一定的理解。在此基础上若能对听力材料进行更进一步的利用,如进行跟读、模仿、听写等训练,用来给学生进行纠音和语言知识巩固,必然可以取得更佳的效果。例如,

主题:Language

跟踪训练:

(1)模仿跟读以下语句,注意学习意群停顿和音调变化。(|:短暂停顿,| |:较长停顿)

① The term | COVID-19 appeared in Merriam-Webster's online dictionary | just a little over a month later, | | marking the fastest journey from conception | to formal recognition | in the company's nearly 200-year history. | |

② We know | that social distancing—| staying at least six feet | (about 1.8 meters) | apart |—helps avoid the spread of coronavirus | by limiting our exposure | | to any droplets of bodily fluid | that may be in the air when someone talks,(升调)|coughs(升调)| or sneezes.(降调)| |

③ Since 2003, | | Merriam-Webster has announced a “Word of the Year" | to name the word or expression | that has been looked up online the most time frequently in that time. | | Despite some words remaining controversial. | like social distance, | | one thing seems certain: | this year’s winner will | undoubtedly(降升调)| be related to the COVID- 19 pandemic. | |

(2)听写以下语句,注意词汇积累。

① Given the impact that the novel coronavirushas had not only on the daily lives of people worldwide, but the global economy, it should not be a surprise that COVID-19 has also influenced our vocabulary.

② Words like asymptomatic(无症状的),droplets(飞沫)and super-spreader(超级传播者)have become a part of regular conversation, along with terms such as red zone(危险地区),social distancing and flattening the curve(压平曲线).

③ We also know that avoiding hot spots and red zones, areas with a heavy concentration of COVID- 19 cases, can flatten the curve, slowing the spread of the disease and helping doctors and nurses avoid a sudden overload(超负荷的)of patients.

(二)话题拓展

听说训练后,为学生提供更多的相同或相近主题的资源供其学习,是极为有效的加大输入量、刺激图式生成的手段。并且为了更为贴近学生实际水平,可以依据学生实际听说能力提供不同层次的材料输入,并布置相应水平的学习任务以作巩固。例如,

主题:Public Speaking

在课堂上,教师通过一系列听说活动引领学生了解和掌握了关于演讲时要注意的重点,如 stance,gestures,eye contact等。课堂时间有限,为了将主题意义进一步挖掘,教师可以利用更多资源为学生打开更广阔的天地,同时也能为学生今后做公开演讲奠定基础。

教师可利用一套TED演讲 Talk Like TED来进行课后补充巩固训练。该系列演讲分别着重在public speech的多个层面展开演讲,有趣且地道,能带给学生有别于教材文本的感受。(视频都配有中文字幕,部分配有中英文字幕。)

演讲目录:

① Break the ice—Joe Kowan

② Body language—Amy Cuddy

③The Golden Circle—Simon Sinek

④Connect with the audience—Carmen Agra Deedy

⑤ Follow the path of influential speeches—Nancy Duarte

⑥ Be engaged—Hans Rosling

⑦ Keep their attention—David Rose

⑧ Use the tools in your vocal toolbox—Julian Treasure

学生可根据自身偏好或需要自由选择1~2个视频进行观看。对学生的观后任务布置依据其能力水平可做如下设计:

For those under average:

Follow and imitate parts of the speech and show it in front of your classmates.

For those on average:

Summarize what you have listened and make a short speech in front of your classmates.

For those above average:

Write down your own opinions on the same issue and present it in front of your classmates, with the tips guiding your performance.

(三)创新实践

所有的听说训练的最终落脚点都应该是实际生活中的实际运用,是对语言的交际功能的最终呈现。每一次听说训练都是依据某个主题开展的,而这个主题在现实生活中也必然有其可以投射的实际领域。学生可以借助课堂所学,学会用英语去解决实际生活中的实际问题。这既是对学习内容的巩固,也是提升学生口语和其他各方面能力的重要途径。例如,

主题:Occupations

教师在课上进行了关于职业的语篇、对话等的听力训练,学生通过口头和书面练习对与求职和职业主题相关的词汇和表达有了一定了解和部分掌握。为了巩固所学,并能够将课堂知识与实际生活联系在一起,因此进行以下实践性口语展示活动。

Requirements:

Students are divided into several groups of six. They are supposed to present a show about an interview.

Finally, the students will present their interview as if they were undergoing a real one. Then, their performances will be evaluated by both the teacher and their classmates. The best group will come out as the winner and be awarded.

(上海市奉贤区奉城高级中学 胡欣

上海市奉贤区教育学院 陆慧)

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