- A+
语法可以说是不少同学的心头痛,看着那个“空”我是真不知道填啥,即使填对了词,也会填错这个词的365种变型!所以为大家整理了6种高考英语语法易错点,语法薄弱的同学建议收藏起来慢慢看哦~
01
定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom),所有格whose)和关系副词where?when?why等,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词that,which,who,whom等在从句中
分别作主语或宾语,whose在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。
例如:
① I?will?never?forget?the?days?when/in?which?we?worked?together.
② I?will?never?forget?the?days?which/that?we?spent?together.
解析
在句①中,表示时间的名词the?days在从句中充当的是状语,所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the?days;
而在句②中,表示时间的名词the?days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。
同样,表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语,则用关系副词where?或why来代指;如果在从句中作动词的宾语,则用which或that来代替。
例如:
① This?is?the?factory?where/in?which?I?worked.(作状语)
② This?is?the?factory?that/which?I?visited?years?ago.(作宾语)
注:当先行词为time,reason,?place时,引导词可以省略。
例如:
① This?was?the?first?(when/what)?I?had?serious?trouble?with?my?boss.
②
That?is?the?reason?(why)?I?did?it.
③This?is?the?place?(where)?we?met?yesterday.
另外,定语从句中谓语动词数应与先行词数一致。
①Mr.?Jackson?is?the?only?foreigner?that?is?present?at?the?party.
②He?is?one?of?the?students?who?were?praised?by?the?teacher.
解析
在句①中,先行词foreigner被only修饰,强调只有一个,所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式。
而在句②中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the?students,为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
02
名词性从句中的易错点
*that引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,“……的名词”,而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词,如:fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定语从句中必须作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。
① Along?with?the?letter?was?his?promise?that?he?would?visit?me?this?coming?Christmas.
② Do?you?still?remember?the?chicken?farm?that?we?visited?three?months?ago.
解析
在句①中,that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。
而在句②中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语,对先行词the?chicken?farm起修饰作用。
*名词性从句中,关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点
1)?名词性从句作主语或宾语时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。
It’s?a?pity?that?he?don’t?come?to?give?a?speech.(形式主语)
We?think?it?possible?that?you?can?finish?the?job?today.(形式宾语)
2)谓语动词?appreciate,?dislike,?hate,?like,?love,make等接由if或when?引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it.
Eg:I?would?appreciate?it?if?you?could?come?to?my?birthday?party.
3)动词hare,?take,?hide,?punish,?put等,后接由that?引导的病因从句式,往往在从句前加形式宾语it.
①?I?take?it?that?you?will?be?leaving?Shanghai?soon.
②?we?punished?it?that?we?had?finished?the?project?ahead?of?time.
4)短语动词answer?for,?count?on?depend?on,?insist?on,see?to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it.
①?I’m?counting?on?it?that?you?will?come.
②?She’ll?see?to?it?that?he?goes?ahead.
注:作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.
03
代词it、one、that用法与区别
One泛指,指代前面提到的那类人或物,用于指代可数名词,相当于a+名词单数,其复数形式ones前一般要有定语,否则就要用some.
That(those复数)即可指代不可数名词,表特指,相当于the+名词,后面经常与介词修饰语连用。
It指代上文出现的名词,表示同类同物,还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词,表示性别身份不明,可作形式主语,形式宾语,引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配.如 get?it,?catch?it,?make?it.
①?I?have?lost?my?watch.?I?think?I?must?buy?one.我丢了只表,我想我必须再买一只。(代指上文指到的同类事物,但不指同一个)
②?Where?is?my?pen??Have?you?seen?it?
我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了,你见了吗?(代指上文提到的同一事物)
③?The?land?of?China?is?larger?than?that?of?America.
④?Tome?has?a?red?pen?and?a?blue?one(或two?blue?ones)
⑤?He?has?no?child,?and?he?wants?toadopt?one(或?some)
04
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气在if引导的条件句中的易错点
①?if?my?lawyer?had?been?here?last?Saturday,?he?would?have?prevented?me?from?going.
②?if?you?had?studied?hard?at?school,?you?would?be?a?college?student?now.
句子①②都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用,从句中都是假设过去的情况,所以用过去完成时。
但在主句中,句①依然指代过去的情况,谓语动词是would?have?done。
而②中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now,?这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况,所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形。
学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在,从而按句①的形式填写答案。
二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
在it?is?important?(strange,?natural,?necessary……)+that?句子或者It?is?decided?(ordered,suggested,?demanded,?advised……)+that句子中,主语从句中的谓语动词常用(should)+动词原形结构,表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被决定”等
①?it?is?important?that?everyone?(should?)?obey?the?rules?all?day?and?all?night.
②?it?is?decided?that?the?meeting?(should)?be?held?tomorrow?afternoon.
05
反意疑问句中的易错点
1.在一般疑问句中,无论肯定的问或是否定的问,如果回答为肯定则用yes,反之则用no.
特别注意如果出现省略则看下文所暗示的意义。
①—Are?you?a?new?comer?
—Yes,?I?came?here?only?yesterday.
②—Isn’t?Tom?a?good?student?
—Yes,?he?is?excellent.
③—Don’t?you?think?the?composition?good?
—No,?It?can’t?be?any?worse.
注意:在②③句中,当回答的意思与问句相一致时,则用No,译为“是的”,当回答的意思与问句相反时,则用Yes,译为“不”
2. 情态动词must
①?I?must?leave?now,?mustn’t?I??
②?He?must?be?in?the?classroom,?isn’t??(表推测)
③?He?must?have?finished?his?homework,?hasn’t?he???(表现在的结果)
④?He?must?have?finished?his?homework?yesterday?afternoon,didn’t?he??(表过去)
当句子中有表示猜测的情态动词时,其反意疑问句的构成不能再用原句中的情态动词,而应根据原句在去掉情态动词的情况下的主谓关系来确定其反问形式。
06
非谓语动词中的易错点
非谓语与其逻辑主语(即动作的执行者或承受者)之间有三种关系:
如为主谓关系,则用现在分词或不定式的主动式;
如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动(强调动作正在进行)或不定式的被动式(动作将进行);
如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构(即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语)
例句
Having?been?ill?in?bed?for?nearly?a?month?,?he?had?a?hard?time?passing?the?exam.
解析:从这个句子可以看出,句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语
he一致,并且是主谓关系,所以用了现在的分词作状语,同时,分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前,故采用了现代分词的完成式。
In?order?to?improve?English?,?____.
A.?Jenny’s?father?bought?her?a?lot?of?tapes.
B.?Jenny’s?father?bought?a?lot?of?tapes?for?herself.
C.?A?lot?of?tapes?were?bought?by?Jenny.
D.?A?lot?of?tapes?were?bought?by?Jenny?father.
解析:根据不定式短语我们可以推知,句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物,所以,应该排除CD,再就是应该是Jenny提高自己的英语,而不是她爸爸,故答案先B.
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