精读外刊《科学》破解科技英语论文- 具有主动拓扑缺陷的逻辑运算

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本文节选自外刊《科学》( SCIENCE ADVANCES 23 Feb 2022 Vol 8, Issue 8)Logic operations with active topological defects——具有主动拓扑缺陷的逻辑运算。

论文节选内容如下:

Logic operations with active topological defects

具有主动拓扑缺陷的逻辑运算

Logic operations performed by semiconductor-based transistors are the basis of modern computing.

由基于半导体的晶体管执行的逻辑运算是现代计算的基础。

There is considerable interest in creating autonomous materials systems endowed with the capability to make decisions.

人们对创造具有决策能力的自主材料系统很感兴趣。

In this work, we introduce the concept of using topological defects in active matter to perform logic operations.

在这项工作中,我们引入了利用活性物质中的拓扑缺陷来执行逻辑运算的概念。

When an extensile active stress in a nematic liquid crystal is turned on, +1/2 defects can self-propel, in analogy to electron transport under a voltage gradient.

当向列相液晶中的可扩展主动应力开启时,+1/2缺陷可以自我推进,类似于电压梯度下的电子传输。

By relying on hydrodynamic simulations of active nematics, we demonstrate that patterns of activity, when combined with surfaces imparting certain orientations, can be used to control the formation and transport of +1/2 defects.

通过对活性向列相的流体力学模拟,我们证明了当活性模式与具有特定取向的表面结合时,可以用来控制+1/2缺陷的形成和传输。

We further show that asymmetric high- and low-activity patterns can be used to create effective defect gates, tunnels, and amplifiers.

我们进一步证明,不对称的高和低活度模式可以用来创建有效的缺陷门、隧道和放大器。

The proposed active systems offer the potential to perform computations and transmit information in active soft materials, including actin-, tubulin-, and cell-based systems.

(这里)提出的主动系统提供了在主动软材料中执行计算和传输信息的潜力,包括肌动蛋白、微管蛋白和基于细胞的系统。

重点词汇

considerable interest相当大的兴趣;相当大的利益

endowed with赋予;拥有;拥有天赋

extensile可伸展的;能伸出的

nematic向列的;向列液晶

liquid crystal液晶

propel推进;推;刺激;驱策;推动

electron transport电子输运;电子运输;电子传输

hydrodynamic水力的;流体动力学的

imparting传授;告知;透露;给予;(impart的现在分词形式)

orientations方向;情况介绍;适应;定位;定向;(orientation的复数)

Logic operations, such as AND gates and OR gates, provide the basis for computing.

逻辑运算,如“与门”和“或门”,为计算提供了基础。

Semiconductor-based integrated circuits, which rely on electrons to perform such operations, are a cornerstone of modern technology.

基于半导体的集成电路依靠电子来执行这种操作,是现代技术的基石。

Over the past decade, important advances with soft materials have increased the interest and demand for soft robots and wearable electronic devices.

在过去的十年中,软材料的重要进展增加了对软机器人和可穿戴电子设备的兴趣和需求。

These systems, however, are controlled with traditional electronic devices.

然而,这些系统是由传统的电子设备控制的。

In this work, we ask the question of whether active materials, such as biological filaments with motor proteins, can be reconfigured in a manner that allows them to perform logic operations and transmission of information.

在这项工作中,我们提出了一个问题,即活性物质,例如带有运动蛋白的生物细丝,是否可以以一种允许它们执行逻辑操作和信息传输的方式进行重新配置。

If possible, then these operations could be used for computing by the active material itself, helping to pave the way for development of soft materials systems capable of making decisions.

如果可能的话,这些操作可以由活性材料本身用于计算,帮助为开发能够做出决策的软材料系统铺平道路。

重点词汇

integrated circuits集成电路;集成线路

electrons电子;(electron的复数)

cornerstone隅石;墙角石;基石;基础;支柱

modern technology现代技术

robots机器人;遥控设备;自动机械;自动机;机械呆板的人;(robot的复数)

wearable可穿用的;可佩带的;可穿戴计算机;衣服

filaments单纤维;灯丝;细丝;丝极;(filament的复数)

if possible如果可能;若可能;如果有可能

active material活性材料;活性物质

pave the way for为…创造条件;为…铺平道路

We envision that one possible application of topological defects is to provide a platform for the realization of logic operations.

我们设想拓扑缺陷的一个可能应用是为实现逻辑运算提供一个平台。

Past studies of defects in active nematics have been largely limited to their characterization.

过去对活性向列相中缺陷的研究主要局限于其表征。

Attempts to control and manipulate defects have been limited in active systems, largely as a result of the challenges
精读外刊《科学》破解科技英语论文- 具有主动拓扑缺陷的逻辑运算插图
associated with preventing defect annihilations and harnessing the many-body interactions that arise among them.

在主动系统中,控制和操纵缺陷的尝试受到了限制,这主要是由于与防止缺陷湮灭和利用缺陷之间产生的多体交互相关的挑战。

A notable exception is provided by a recent theoretical study that put forth the concept of storing information in +1/2 defects in a passive nematic material under the influence of an applied field.

最近的一项理论研究提供了一个值得注意的例外,该研究提出了在外加电场影响下,在被动向列相材料的+1/2缺陷中存储信息的概念。

重点词汇

envision想像;设想

topological拓扑的

manipulate操作;使用;操纵;控制;修改;推拿;篡改;伪造

harnessing利用;控制;治理;给(马等)装上挽具;(harness的现在分词)

interactions相互作用;互动;(interaction的复数)

notable exception值得注意的例外

put forth提出;提出了;发表

storing储存;贮藏;(store的现在分词);保管;贮备的

nematic向列的;向列液晶

under the influence受酒精饮料影响的, 喝醉的

In this work, we overcome these challenges by building on the concept of activity or stress patterning.

在这项工作中,我们通过建立活
精读外刊《科学》破解科技英语论文- 具有主动拓扑缺陷的逻辑运算插图(1)
动或压力模式的概念来克服这些挑战。

The relevant experimental system is an actin-based 2D nematic LC.

相关的实验系统是基于肌动蛋白的二维向列相液晶。

More specifically, rather than having a uniform activity throughout the entirety of the material, we introduce gradients of activity, as has been experimentally realized by gear-shifting light-sensitive myosin motors.

更具体地说,我们引入了活性梯度,而不是在整个材料中保持一致的活性,正如换档光敏肌球蛋白马达已经在实验中实现的那样。

Recent work using theory, simulation, and experiments has confirmed that +1/2 defects can be coerced to move along a given activity pattern.

最近使用理论、模拟和实验的工作已经证实+1/2缺陷可以被强制沿着给定的活动模式移动。

Independent theoretical works have discussed similar ideas.

独立的理论著作也讨论过类似的观点。

In comparison with the electronic circuits, the transport process in active nematic microfluidic systems is achieved through a spontaneous conversion of chemical energy of the medium
精读外刊《科学》破解科技英语论文- 具有主动拓扑缺陷的逻辑运算插图(2)
into mechanical work.

与电子电路相比,主动向列相微流控系统中的输运过程是通过将介质的化学能自发转换为机械功来实现的。

重点词汇

patterning模式;图案;样品;典范;以图案装饰;模仿;(pattern的现在分词);形成图案

actin肌动蛋白;肌纤蛋白

nematic向列的;向列液晶

more specifically具体地说;确切地说;更具体一点

gradients倾斜度;坡度;梯度变化曲线;梯度;生理梯度;(gradient的复数)

light-sensitive对光敏感的;光敏的;能感光的

myosin肌环蛋白

coerced强制;迫使;威胁;(coerce的过去式)

move along向前走;继续前进

microfluidic微流体

Here, we build on that concept and demonstrate by hydrodynamic simulations that judicious design of high- and low-activity regions in microfluidic environments can lead to a high degree of control over +1/2 defect mobility.

在这里,我们基于这一概念,通过流体动力学模拟证明,在微流控环境中明智地设计高活性和低活性区域,可以高度控制+1/2缺陷迁移率。

A key finding of our work is that the motion or “passage” of one defect can be facilitated or impeded by that of a second defect.

我们工作的一个关键发现是,一个缺陷的运动或“通过”可以被第二个缺陷的运动所促进或阻碍。

We use these new
精读外刊《科学》破解科技英语论文- 具有主动拓扑缺陷的逻辑运算插图(3)
concepts to realize defect gating, tunneling, and amplification by introducing different designs.

我们使用这些新概念,通过引入不同的设计来实现缺陷选通、隧穿和放大。

Computations based on soft and biological systems have been considered in, for example, bacteria, slime mold, submillimeter bubbles, ferrofluid droplets, DNAs, and active fluid networks.

例如,在细菌、黏菌、亚毫米气泡、铁液滴、DNA和活性流体网络中,已经考虑了基于软系统和生物系统的计算。

The advantages of using active topological defects as information carriers are that they can operate without the need for an external driving force, they can perform decentralized decision making, and they are topologically protected from noise, thereby providing an attractive, alternative candidate for soft matter–based logic operations.

使用主动拓扑缺陷作为信息载体的优点是,它们可以在不需要外部驱动力的情况下运行,可以执行分散决策,并且在拓扑上免受噪声的影响,从而为基于软物质的逻辑操作提供了一个有吸引力的备选方案。

By demonstrating these elementary operations based on topological defects, we propose that combinations of these basic operations could enable defect redistribution, precise manipulation of optical properties, and autonomous transport in response to external cues, light in actin-based materials or nutrients in bacteria-based living nematics.

通过展示这些基于拓扑缺陷的基本操作,我们提出,这些基本操作的组合可以实现缺陷的再分配、光学特性的精确操作,以及在肌动蛋白基材料或细菌基活体向列线型中的营养物质中,根据外部线索和光的响应实现自主转运。

重点词汇

hydrodynamic水力的;流体动力学的

judicious明断的;明智而审慎的;有见地的

microfluidic微流体

impeded阻碍;(impede的过去式和过去分词)

gating给…装大门;(gate的现在分词);选通

tunneling挖隧道;(tunnel的现在分词);开挖隧道

computations计算;估计;计算机应用;(computation的复数)

slime黏质物;黏液;黏湿泥;用黏液覆盖

bubbles气泡;泡沫;泡影;(欲表达的)一点感情;(bubble的复数);冒泡;起泡;沸腾;(bubble的第三人称单数)

ferrofluid铁磁流体

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